More refactoring and duplicate code removal

40 files changed, 4938 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/src/openvic-simulation/GameAdvancementHook.cpp b/src/openvic-simulation/GameAdvancementHook.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ac16158
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/openvic-simulation/GameAdvancementHook.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+#include "GameAdvancementHook.hpp"
+
+using namespace OpenVic;
+
+const std::vector<std::chrono::milliseconds> GameAdvancementHook::GAME_SPEEDS = {
+	std::chrono::milliseconds { 4000 },
+	std::chrono::milliseconds { 3000 },
+	std::chrono::milliseconds { 2000 },
+	std::chrono::milliseconds { 1000 },
+	std::chrono::milliseconds { 100 },
+	std::chrono::milliseconds { 1 }
+};
+
+GameAdvancementHook::GameAdvancementHook(AdvancementFunction tickFunction,
+	RefreshFunction updateFunction, bool startPaused, speed_t startingSpeed)
+	: triggerFunction { tickFunction },
+	  refreshFunction { updateFunction },
+	  isPaused { startPaused } {
+	lastPolledTime = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
+	setSimulationSpeed(startingSpeed);
+}
+
+void GameAdvancementHook::setSimulationSpeed(speed_t speed) {
+	if (speed < 0)
+		currentSpeed = 0;
+	else if (speed >= GAME_SPEEDS.size())
+		currentSpeed = GAME_SPEEDS.size() - 1;
+	else
+		currentSpeed = speed;
+}
+
+GameAdvancementHook::speed_t GameAdvancementHook::getSimulationSpeed() const {
+	return currentSpeed;
+}
+
+void GameAdvancementHook::increaseSimulationSpeed() {
+	setSimulationSpeed(currentSpeed + 1);
+}
+
+void GameAdvancementHook::decreaseSimulationSpeed() {
+	setSimulationSpeed(currentSpeed - 1);
+}
+
+bool GameAdvancementHook::canIncreaseSimulationSpeed() const {
+	return currentSpeed + 1 < GAME_SPEEDS.size();
+}
+
+bool GameAdvancementHook::canDecreaseSimulationSpeed() const {
+	return currentSpeed > 0;
+}
+
+GameAdvancementHook& GameAdvancementHook::operator++() {
+	increaseSimulationSpeed();
+	return *this;
+};
+
+GameAdvancementHook& GameAdvancementHook::operator--() {
+	decreaseSimulationSpeed();
+	return *this;
+};
+
+void GameAdvancementHook::conditionallyAdvanceGame() {
+	if (!isPaused) {
+		time_point_t currentTime = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
+		if (std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(currentTime - lastPolledTime) >= GAME_SPEEDS[currentSpeed]) {
+			lastPolledTime = currentTime;
+			if (triggerFunction) triggerFunction();
+		}
+	}
+	if (refreshFunction) refreshFunction();
+}
+
+void GameAdvancementHook::reset() {
+	isPaused = true;
+	currentSpeed = 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/openvic-simulation/GameAdvancementHook.hpp b/src/openvic-simulation/GameAdvancementHook.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..59e43a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/openvic-simulation/GameAdvancementHook.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <chrono>
+#include <functional>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace OpenVic {
+	// Conditionally advances game with provided behaviour
+	// Class governs game speed and pause state
+	class GameAdvancementHook {
+	public:
+		using AdvancementFunction = std::function<void()>;
+		using RefreshFunction = std::function<void()>;
+		using speed_t = int8_t;
+
+		// Minimum number of miliseconds before the simulation advances
+		static const std::vector<std::chrono::milliseconds> GAME_SPEEDS;
+
+	private:
+		using time_point_t = std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::high_resolution_clock>;
+
+		time_point_t lastPolledTime;
+		// A function pointer that advances the simulation, intended to be a capturing lambda or something similar. May need to be reworked later
+		AdvancementFunction triggerFunction;
+		RefreshFunction refreshFunction;
+		speed_t currentSpeed;
+
+	public:
+		bool isPaused;
+
+		GameAdvancementHook(AdvancementFunction tickFunction, RefreshFunction updateFunction, bool startPaused = true, speed_t startingSpeed = 0);
+
+		void setSimulationSpeed(speed_t speed);
+		speed_t getSimulationSpeed() const;
+		void increaseSimulationSpeed();
+		void decreaseSimulationSpeed();
+		bool canIncreaseSimulationSpeed() const;
+		bool canDecreaseSimulationSpeed() const;
+		GameAdvancementHook& operator++();
+		GameAdvancementHook& operator--();
+		void conditionallyAdvanceGame();
+		void reset();
+	};
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/openvic-simulation/GameManager.cpp b/src/openvic-simulation/GameManager.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ee5050d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/openvic-simulation/GameManager.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+#include "GameManager.hpp"
+
+#include "openvic-simulation/utility/Logger.hpp"
+
+using namespace OpenVic;
+
+GameManager::GameManager(state_updated_func_t state_updated_callback)
+	: clock { [this]() { tick(); }, [this]() { update_state(); } },
+	  state_updated { state_updated_callback } {}
+
+void GameManager::set_needs_update() {
+	needs_update = true;
+}
+
+void GameManager::update_state() {
+	if (needs_update) {
+		Logger::info("Update: ", today);
+		map.update_state(today);
+		if (state_updated) state_updated();
+		needs_update = false;
+	}
+}
+
+/* REQUIREMENTS:
+ * SS-98, SS-101
+ */
+void GameManager::tick() {
+	today++;
+	Logger::info("Tick: ", today);
+	map.tick(today);
+	set_needs_update();
+}
+
+bool GameManager::setup() {
+	session_start = time(nullptr);
+	clock.reset();
+	today = { 1836 };
+	good_manager.reset_to_defaults();
+	bool ret = map.setup(good_manager, building_manager, pop_manager);
+	set_needs_update();
+	return ret;
+}
+
+Date const& GameManager::get_today() const {
+	return today;
+}
+
+bool GameManager::expand_building(Province::index_t province_index, const std::string_view building_type_identifier) {
+	set_needs_update();
+	Province* province = map.get_province_by_index(province_index);
+	if (province == nullptr) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid province index ", province_index, " while trying to expand building ", building_type_identifier);
+		return false;
+	}
+	return province->expand_building(building_type_identifier);
+}
+
+bool GameManager::load_hardcoded_defines() {
+	bool ret = true;
+
+	static constexpr colour_t LOW_ALPHA_VALUE = float_to_alpha_value(0.4f);
+	static constexpr colour_t HIGH_ALPHA_VALUE = float_to_alpha_value(0.7f);
+	using mapmode_t = std::pair<std::string, Mapmode::colour_func_t>;
+	const std::vector<mapmode_t> mapmodes {
+		{ "mapmode_terrain",
+			[](Map const&, Province const& province) -> colour_t {
+				return LOW_ALPHA_VALUE | (province.is_water() ? 0x4287F5 : 0x0D7017);
+			} },
+		{ "mapmode_province",
+			[](Map const&, Province const& province) -> colour_t {
+				return HIGH_ALPHA_VALUE | province.get_colour();
+			} },
+		{ "mapmode_region",
+			[](Map const&, Province const& province) -> colour_t {
+				Region const* region = province.get_region();
+				if (region != nullptr) return HIGH_ALPHA_VALUE | region->get_colour();
+				return NULL_COLOUR;
+			} },
+		{ "mapmode_index",
+			[](Map const& map, Province const& province) -> colour_t {
+				const colour_t f = fraction_to_colour_byte(province.get_index(), map.get_province_count() + 1);
+				return HIGH_ALPHA_VALUE | (f << 16) | (f << 8) | f;
+			} },
+		{ "mapmode_rgo",
+			[](Map const& map, Province const& province) -> colour_t {
+				Good const* rgo = province.get_rgo();
+				if (rgo != nullptr) return HIGH_ALPHA_VALUE | rgo->get_colour();
+				return NULL_COLOUR;
+			} },
+		{ "mapmode_infrastructure",
+			[](Map const& map, Province const& province) -> colour_t {
+				Building const* railroad = province.get_building_by_identifier("building_railroad");
+				if (railroad != nullptr) {
+					colour_t val = fraction_to_colour_byte(railroad->get_level(), railroad->get_type().get_max_level() + 1, 0.5f, 1.0f);
+					switch (railroad->get_expansion_state()) {
+						case Building::ExpansionState::CannotExpand: val <<= 16; break;
+						case Building::ExpansionState::CanExpand: break;
+						default: val <<= 8; break;
+					}
+					return HIGH_ALPHA_VALUE | val;
+				}
+				return NULL_COLOUR;
+			} },
+		{ "mapmode_population",
+			[](Map const& map, Province const& province) -> colour_t {
+				return HIGH_ALPHA_VALUE | (fraction_to_colour_byte(province.get_total_population(), map.get_highest_province_population() + 1, 0.1f, 1.0f) << 8);
+			} },
+		{ "mapmode_culture",
+			[](Map const& map, Province const& province) -> colour_t {
+				HasIdentifierAndColour const* largest = get_largest_item(province.get_culture_distribution()).first;
+				return largest != nullptr ? HIGH_ALPHA_VALUE | largest->get_colour() : NULL_COLOUR;
+			} },
+		{ "mapmode_religion",
+			[](Map const& map, Province const& province) -> colour_t {
+				HasIdentifierAndColour const* largest = get_largest_item(province.get_religion_distribution()).first;
+				return largest != nullptr ? HIGH_ALPHA_VALUE | largest->get_colour() : NULL_COLOUR;
+			} }
+	};
+	for (mapmode_t const& mapmode : mapmodes)
+		ret &= map.add_mapmode(mapmode.first, mapmode.second);
+	map.lock_mapmodes();
+
+	using building_type_t = std::tuple<std::string, Building::level_t, Timespan>;
+	const std::vector<building_type_t> building_types {
+		{ "building_fort", 4, 8 }, { "building_naval_base", 6, 15 }, { "building_railroad", 5, 10 }
+	};
+	for (building_type_t const& type : building_types)
+		ret &= building_manager.add_building_type(std::get<0>(type), std::get<1>(type), std::get<2>(type));
+	building_manager.lock_building_types();
+
+	return ret;
+}
diff --git a/src/openvic-simulation/GameManager.hpp b/src/openvic-simulation/GameManager.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d221a99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/openvic-simulation/GameManager.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "openvic-simulation/GameAdvancementHook.hpp"
+#include "openvic-simulation/economy/Good.hpp"
+#include "openvic-simulation/map/Map.hpp"
+
+namespace OpenVic {
+	struct GameManager {
+		using state_updated_func_t = std::function<void()>;
+
+		Map map;
+		BuildingManager building_manager;
+		GoodManager good_manager;
+		PopManager pop_manager;
+		GameAdvancementHook clock;
+
+	private:
+		time_t session_start; /* SS-54, as well as allowing time-tracking */
+		Date today;
+		state_updated_func_t state_updated;
+		bool needs_update;
+
+		void set_needs_update();
+		void update_state();
+		void tick();
+
+	public:
+		GameManager(state_updated_func_t state_updated_callback);
+
+		bool setup();
+
+		Date const& get_today() const;
+		bool expand_building(Province::index_t province_index, const std::string_view building_type_identifier);
+
+		/* Hardcoded data for defining things for which parsing from files has
+		 * not been implemented, currently mapmodes and building types.
+		 */
+		bool load_hardcoded_defines();
+	};
+}
diff --git a/src/openvic-simulation/dataloader/Dataloader.cpp b/src/openvic-simulation/dataloader/Dataloader.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..334d5b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/openvic-simulation/dataloader/Dataloader.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+#include "Dataloader.hpp"
+
+#include "openvic-simulation/GameManager.hpp"
+#include "openvic-simulation/utility/Logger.hpp"
+
+#include <openvic-dataloader/csv/Parser.hpp>
+#include <openvic-dataloader/detail/CallbackOStream.hpp>
+#include <openvic-dataloader/v2script/Parser.hpp>
+
+using namespace OpenVic;
+using namespace OpenVic::NodeTools;
+using namespace ovdl;
+
+bool Dataloader::set_roots(std::vector<std::filesystem::path> new_roots) {
+	if (!roots.empty()) {
+		Logger::error("Overriding existing dataloader roots!");
+		roots.clear();
+	}
+	bool ret = true;
+	for (std::reverse_iterator<std::vector<std::filesystem::path>::const_iterator> it = new_roots.crbegin(); it != new_roots.crend(); ++it) {
+		if (std::find(roots.begin(), roots.end(), *it) == roots.end()) {
+			if (std::filesystem::is_directory(*it)) {
+				Logger::info("Adding dataloader root: ", *it);
+				roots.push_back(*it);
+			} else {
+				Logger::error("Invalid dataloader root (must be an existing directory): ", *it);
+				ret = false;
+			}
+		} else {
+			Logger::error("Duplicate dataloader root: ", *it);
+			ret = false;
+		}
+	}
+	if (roots.empty()) {
+		Logger::error("Dataloader has no roots after attempting to add ", new_roots.size());
+		ret = false;
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
+
+std::filesystem::path Dataloader::lookup_file(std::filesystem::path const& path) const {
+	for (std::filesystem::path const& root : roots) {
+		const std::filesystem::path composed = root / path;
+		if (std::filesystem::is_regular_file(composed)) {
+			return composed;
+		}
+	}
+	Logger::error("Lookup for ", path, " failed!");
+	return {};
+}
+
+const std::filesystem::path Dataloader::TXT = ".txt";
+
+static bool contains_file_with_name(std::vector<std::filesystem::path> const& paths,
+	std::filesystem::path const& name) {
+
+	for (std::filesystem::path const& path : paths) {
+		if (path.filename() == name) return true;
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+std::vector<std::filesystem::path> Dataloader::lookup_files_in_dir(std::filesystem::path const& path,
+	std::filesystem::path const* extension) const {
+
+	std::vector<std::filesystem::path> ret;
+	for (std::filesystem::path const& root : roots) {
+		const std::filesystem::path composed = root / path;
+		std::error_code ec;
+		for (std::filesystem::directory_entry const& entry : std::filesystem::directory_iterator { composed, ec }) {
+			if (entry.is_regular_file()) {
+				const std::filesystem::path file = entry;
+				if (extension == nullptr || file.extension() == *extension) {
+					if (!contains_file_with_name(ret, file.filename())) {
+						ret.push_back(file);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
+
+bool Dataloader::apply_to_files_in_dir(std::filesystem::path const& path,
+	std::function<bool(std::filesystem::path const&)> callback,
+	std::filesystem::path const* extension) const {
+
+	bool ret = true;
+	for (std::filesystem::path const& file : lookup_files_in_dir(path, extension)) {
+		ret &= callback(file);
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
+
+template<std::derived_from<detail::BasicParser> Parser, bool(Parser::*parse_func)()>
+static Parser _run_ovdl_parser(std::filesystem::path const& path) {
+	Parser parser;
+	std::string buffer;
+	auto error_log_stream = ovdl::detail::CallbackStream {
+		[](void const* s, std::streamsize n, void* user_data) -> std::streamsize {
+			if (s != nullptr && n > 0 && user_data != nullptr) {
+				static_cast<std::string*>(user_data)->append(static_cast<char const*>(s), n);
+				return n;
+			} else {
+				Logger::error("Invalid input to parser error log callback: ", s, " / ", n, " / ", user_data);
+				return 0;
+			}
+		}, &buffer
+	};
+	parser.set_error_log_to(error_log_stream);
+	parser.load_from_file(path);
+	if (!buffer.empty()) {
+		Logger::error("Parser load errors:\n\n", buffer, "\n");
+		buffer.clear();
+	}
+	if (parser.has_fatal_error() || parser.has_error()) {
+		Logger::error("Parser errors while loading ", path);
+		return parser;
+	}
+	if (!(parser.*parse_func)()) {
+		Logger::error("Parse function returned false!");
+	}
+	if (!buffer.empty()) {
+		Logger::error("Parser parse errors:\n\n", buffer, "\n");
+		buffer.clear();
+	}
+	if (parser.has_fatal_error() || parser.has_error()) {
+		Logger::error("Parser errors while parsing ", path);
+	}
+	return parser;
+}
+
+static v2script::Parser _parse_defines(std::filesystem::path const& path) {
+	return _run_ovdl_parser<v2script::Parser, &v2script::Parser::simple_parse>(path);
+}
+
+static csv::Windows1252Parser _parse_csv(std::filesystem::path const& path) {
+	return _run_ovdl_parser<csv::Windows1252Parser, &csv::Windows1252Parser::parse_csv>(path);
+}
+
+bool Dataloader::_load_pop_types(PopManager& pop_manager, std::filesystem::path const& pop_type_directory) const {
+	const bool ret = apply_to_files_in_dir(pop_type_directory,
+		[&pop_manager](std::filesystem::path const& file) -> bool {
+			return pop_manager.load_pop_type_file(file, _parse_defines(file).get_file_node());
+		}
+	);
+	if (!ret) {
+		Logger::error("Failed to load pop types!");
+	}
+	pop_manager.lock_pop_types();
+	return ret;
+}
+
+bool Dataloader::_load_map_dir(Map& map, std::filesystem::path const& map_directory) const {
+	static const std::filesystem::path defaults_filename = "default.map";
+	static const std::string default_definitions = "definition.csv";
+	static const std::string default_provinces = "provinces.bmp";
+	static const std::string default_positions = "positions.txt";
+	static const std::string default_terrain = "terrain.bmp";
+	static const std::string default_rivers = "rivers.bmp";
+	static const std::string default_terrain_definition = "terrain.txt";
+	static const std::string default_tree_definition = "trees.txt";
+	static const std::string default_continent = "continent.txt";
+	static const std::string default_adjacencies = "adjacencies.csv";
+	static const std::string default_region = "region.txt";
+	static const std::string default_region_sea = "region_sea.txt";
+	static const std::string default_province_flag_sprite = "province_flag_sprites";
+
+	const v2script::Parser parser = _parse_defines(lookup_file(map_directory / defaults_filename));
+
+	std::vector<std::string_view> water_province_identifiers;
+
+#define APPLY_TO_MAP_PATHS(F) \
+	F(definitions) F(provinces) F(positions) F(terrain) F(rivers) \
+	F(terrain_definition) F(tree_definition) F(continent) F(adjacencies) \
+	F(region) F(region_sea) F(province_flag_sprite)
+
+#define MAP_PATH_VAR(X) std::string_view X = default_##X;
+	APPLY_TO_MAP_PATHS(MAP_PATH_VAR)
+#undef MAP_PATH_VAR
+
+	bool ret = expect_dictionary_keys(
+		"max_provinces", ONE_EXACTLY,
+			expect_uint(
+				[&map](uint64_t val) -> bool {
+					if (Province::NULL_INDEX < val && val <= Province::MAX_INDEX) {
+						return map.set_max_provinces(val);
+					}
+					Logger::error("Invalid max province count ", val, " (out of valid range ", Province::NULL_INDEX, " < max_provinces <= ", Province::MAX_INDEX, ")");
+					return false;
+				}
+			),
+		"sea_starts", ONE_EXACTLY,
+			expect_list_reserve_length(
+				water_province_identifiers,
+				expect_identifier(
+					[&water_province_identifiers](std::string_view identifier) -> bool {
+						water_province_identifiers.push_back(identifier);
+						return true;
+					}
+				)
+			),
+
+#define MAP_PATH_DICT_ENTRY(X) \
+		#X, ONE_EXACTLY, expect_string(assign_variable_callback(X)),
+		APPLY_TO_MAP_PATHS(MAP_PATH_DICT_ENTRY)
+#undef MAP_PATH_DICT_ENTRY
+
+#undef APPLY_TO_MAP_PATHS
+
+		"border_heights", ZERO_OR_ONE, success_callback,
+		"terrain_sheet_heights", ZERO_OR_ONE, success_callback,
+		"tree", ZERO_OR_ONE, success_callback,
+		"border_cutoff", ZERO_OR_ONE, success_callback
+	)(parser.get_file_node());
+
+	if (!ret) {
+		Logger::error("Failed to load map default file!");
+	}
+
+	if (!map.load_province_definitions(_parse_csv(lookup_file(map_directory / definitions)).get_lines())) {
+		Logger::error("Failed to load province definitions file!");
+		ret = false;
+	}
+
+	if (!map.set_water_province_list(water_province_identifiers)) {
+		Logger::error("Failed to set water provinces!");
+		ret = false;
+	}
+	map.lock_water_provinces();
+
+	return ret;
+}
+
+bool Dataloader::load_defines(GameManager& game_manager) const {
+	static const std::filesystem::path good_file = "common/goods.txt";
+	static const std::filesystem::path pop_type_directory = "poptypes";
+	static const std::filesystem::path graphical_culture_type_file = "common/graphicalculturetype.txt";
+	static const std::filesystem::path culture_file = "common/cultures.txt";
+	static const std::filesystem::path religion_file = "common/religion.txt";
+	static const std::filesystem::path map_directory = "map";
+
+	bool ret = true;
+
+	if (!game_manager.good_manager.load_good_file(_parse_defines(lookup_file(good_file)).get_file_node())) {
+		Logger::error("Failed to load goods!");
+		ret = false;
+	}
+	if (!_load_pop_types(game_manager.pop_manager, pop_type_directory)) {
+		Logger::error("Failed to load pop types!");
+		ret = false;
+	}
+	if (!game_manager.pop_manager.culture_manager.load_graphical_culture_type_file(_parse_defines(lookup_file(graphical_culture_type_file)).get_file_node())) {
+		Logger::error("Failed to load graphical culture types!");
+		ret = false;
+	}
+	if (!game_manager.pop_manager.culture_manager.load_culture_file(_parse_defines(lookup_file(culture_file)).get_file_node())) {
+		Logger::error("Failed to load cultures!");
+		ret = false;
+	}
+	if (!game_manager.pop_manager.religion_manager.load_religion_file(_parse_defines(lookup_file(religion_file)).get_file_node())) {
+		Logger::error("Failed to load religions!");
+		ret = false;
+	}
+	if (!_load_map_dir(game_manager.map, map_directory)) {
+		Logger::error("Failed to load map!");
+		ret = false;
+	}
+
+	return ret;
+}
+
+bool Dataloader::load_pop_history(GameManager& game_manager, std::filesystem::path const& path) const {
+	return apply_to_files_in_dir(path,
+		[&game_manager](std::filesystem::path const& file) -> bool {
+			return expect_dictionary(
+				[&game_manager](std::string_view province_key, ast::NodeCPtr province_node) -> bool {
+					Province* province = game_manager.map.get_province_by_identifier(province_key);
+					if (province == nullptr) {
+						Logger::error("Invalid province id: ", province_key);
+						return false;
+					}
+					return province->load_pop_list(game_manager.pop_manager, province_node);
+				}
+			)(_parse_defines(file).get_file_node());
+		}
+	);
+}
diff --git a/src/openvic-simulation/dataloader/Dataloader.hpp b/src/openvic-simulation/dataloader/Dataloader.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f723803
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/openvic-simulation/dataloader/Dataloader.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <filesystem>
+#include <functional>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace OpenVic {
+	struct GameManager;
+	struct PopManager;
+	struct Map;
+
+	class Dataloader {
+		std::vector<std::filesystem::path> roots;
+
+		bool _load_pop_types(PopManager& pop_manager, std::filesystem::path const& pop_type_directory) const;
+		bool _load_map_dir(Map& map, std::filesystem::path const& map_directory) const;
+
+	public:
+		Dataloader() = default;
+
+		/* In reverse-load order, so base defines first and final loaded mod last */
+		bool set_roots(std::vector<std::filesystem::path> new_roots);
+
+		std::filesystem::path lookup_file(std::filesystem::path const& path) const;
+		static const std::filesystem::path TXT;
+		std::vector<std::filesystem::path> lookup_files_in_dir(std::filesystem::path const& path,
+			std::filesystem::path const* extension = &TXT) const;
+		bool apply_to_files_in_dir(std::filesystem::path const& path,
+			std::function<bool(std::filesystem::path const&)> callback,
+			std::filesystem::path const* extension = &TXT) const;
+
+		bool load_defines(GameManager& game_manager) const;
+		bool load_pop_history(GameManager& game_manager, std::filesystem::path const& path) const;
+	};
+}
diff --git a/src/openvic-simulation/dataloader/NodeTools.cpp b/src/openvic-simulation/dataloader/NodeTools.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3b05d04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/openvic-simulation/dataloader/NodeTools.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+#include "NodeTools.hpp"
+
+#include <charconv>
+
+using namespace OpenVic;
+using namespace OpenVic::NodeTools;
+
+template<typename T>
+static node_callback_t _expect_type(callback_t<T const&> callback) {
+	return [callback](ast::NodeCPtr node) -> bool {
+		if (node != nullptr) {
+			T const* cast_node = node->cast_to<T>();
+			if (cast_node != nullptr) {
+				return callback(*cast_node);
+			}
+			Logger::error("Invalid node type ", node->get_type(), " when expecting ", T::get_type_static());
+		} else {
+			Logger::error("Null node when expecting ", T::get_type_static());
+		}
+		return false;
+	};
+}
+
+template<typename T = ast::AbstractStringNode>
+requires(std::derived_from<T, ast::AbstractStringNode>)
+static callback_t<T const&> abstract_string_node_callback(callback_t<std::string_view> callback) {
+	return [callback](T const& node) -> bool {
+		return callback(node._name);
+	};
+}
+
+node_callback_t NodeTools::expect_identifier(callback_t<std::string_view> callback) {
+	return _expect_type<ast::IdentifierNode>(abstract_string_node_callback<ast::IdentifierNode>(callback));
+}
+
+node_callback_t NodeTools::expect_string(callback_t<std::string_view> callback) {
+	return _expect_type<ast::StringNode>(abstract_string_node_callback<ast::StringNode>(callback));
+}
+
+node_callback_t NodeTools::expect_identifier_or_string(callback_t<std::string_view> callback) {
+	return [callback](ast::NodeCPtr node) -> bool {
+		if (node != nullptr) {
+			ast::AbstractStringNode const* cast_node = node->cast_to<ast::IdentifierNode>();
+			if (cast_node == nullptr) {
+				cast_node = node->cast_to<ast::StringNode>();
+			}
+			if (cast_node != nullptr) {
+				return abstract_string_node_callback(callback)(*cast_node);
+			}
+			Logger::error("Invalid node type ", node->get_type(), " when expecting ", ast::IdentifierNode::get_type_static(), " or ", ast::StringNode::get_type_static());
+		} else {
+			Logger::error("Null node when expecting ", ast::IdentifierNode::get_type_static(), " or ", ast::StringNode::get_type_static());
+		}
+		return false;
+	};
+}
+
+node_callback_t NodeTools::expect_bool(callback_t<bool> callback) {
+	return expect_identifier(
+		[callback](std::string_view identifier) -> bool {
+			if (identifier == "yes") {
+				return callback(true);
+			} else if (identifier == "no") {
+				return callback(false);
+			}
+			Logger::error("Invalid bool identifier text: ", identifier);
+			return false;
+		}
+	);
+}
+
+node_callback_t NodeTools::expect_int(callback_t<int64_t> callback) {
+	return expect_identifier(
+		[callback](std::string_view identifier) -> bool {
+			bool successful = false;
+			const int64_t val = StringUtils::string_to_int64(identifier, &successful, 10);
+			if (successful) {
+				return callback(val);
+			}
+			Logger::error("Invalid int identifier text: ", identifier);
+			return false;
+		}
+	);
+}
+
+node_callback_t NodeTools::expect_uint(callback_t<uint64_t> callback) {
+	return expect_identifier(
+		[callback](std::string_view identifier) -> bool {
+			bool successful = false;
+			const uint64_t val = StringUtils::string_to_uint64(identifier, &successful, 10);
+			if (successful) {
+				return callback(val);
+			}
+			Logger::error("Invalid uint identifier text: ", identifier);
+			return false;
+		}
+	);
+}
+
+node_callback_t NodeTools::expect_fixed_point(callback_t<fixed_point_t> callback) {
+	return expect_identifier(
+		[callback](std::string_view identifier) -> bool {
+			bool successful = false;
+			const fixed_point_t val = fixed_point_t::parse(identifier.data(), identifier.length(), &successful);
+			if (successful) {
+				return callback(val);
+			}
+			Logger::error("Invalid fixed point identifier text: ", identifier);
+			return false;
+		}
+	);
+}
+
+node_callback_t NodeTools::expect_colour(callback_t<colour_t> callback) {
+	return [callback](ast::NodeCPtr node) -> bool {
+		colour_t col = NULL_COLOUR;
+		uint32_t components = 0;
+		bool ret = expect_list_of_length(3,
+			expect_fixed_point(
+				[&col, &components](fixed_point_t val) -> bool {
+					components++;
+					col <<= 8;
+					if (val < 0 || val > 255) {
+						Logger::error("Invalid colour component: ", val);
+						return false;
+					} else {
+						if (val <= 1) val *= 255;
+						col |= val.to_int32_t();
+						return true;
+					}
+				}
+			)
+		)(node);
+		ret &= callback(col << 8 * (3 - components));
+		return ret;
+	};
+}
+
+node_callback_t NodeTools::expect_date(callback_t<Date> callback) {
+	return expect_identifier(
+		[callback](std::string_view identifier) -> bool {
+			bool successful = false;
+			const Date date = Date::from_string(identifier, &successful);
+			if (successful) {
+				return callback(date);
+			}
+			Logger::error("Invalid date identifier text: ", identifier);
+			return false;
+		}
+	);
+}
+
+node_callback_t NodeTools::expect_assign(key_value_callback_t callback) {
+	return _expect_type<ast::AssignNode>(
+		[callback](ast::AssignNode const& assign_node) -> bool {
+			return callback(assign_node._name, assign_node._initializer.get());
+		}
+	);
+}
+
+node_callback_t NodeTools::expect_list_and_length(length_callback_t length_callback, node_callback_t callback) {
+	return _expect_type<ast::AbstractListNode>(
+		[length_callback, callback](ast::AbstractListNode const& list_node) -> bool {
+			std::vector<ast::NodeUPtr> const& list = list_node._statements;
+			bool ret = true;
+			size_t size = length_callback(list.size());
+			if (size > list.size()) {
+				Logger::error("Trying to read more values than the list contains: ", size, " > ", list.size());
+				size = list.size();
+				ret = false;
+			}
+			std::for_each(list.begin(), list.begin() + size,
+				[callback, &ret](ast::NodeUPtr const& sub_node) -> void {
+					ret &= callback(sub_node.get());
+				}
+			);
+			return ret;
+		}
+	);
+}
+
+node_callback_t NodeTools::expect_list_of_length(size_t length, node_callback_t callback) {
+	return [length, callback](ast::NodeCPtr node) -> bool {
+		bool ret = true;
+		ret &= expect_list_and_length(
+			[length, &ret](size_t size) -> size_t {
+				if (size != length) {
+					Logger::error("List length ", size, " does not match expected length ", length);
+					ret = false;
+					if (length < size) return length;
+				}
+				return size;
+			},
+			callback
+		)(node);
+		return ret;
+	};
+}
+
+node_callback_t NodeTools::expect_list(node_callback_t callback) {
+	return expect_list_and_length(default_length_callback, callback);
+}
+
+node_callback_t NodeTools::expect_dictionary_and_length(length_callback_t length_callback, key_value_callback_t callback) {
+	return expect_list_and_length(length_callback, expect_assign(callback));
+}
+
+node_callback_t NodeTools::expect_dictionary(key_value_callback_t callback) {
+	return expect_dictionary_and_length(default_length_callback, callback);
+}
+
+node_callback_t NodeTools::_expect_dictionary_keys_and_length(length_callback_t length_callback, bool allow_other_keys, key_map_t&& key_map) {
+	return [length_callback, allow_other_keys, key_map = std::move(key_map)](ast::NodeCPtr node) mutable -> bool {
+		bool ret = expect_dictionary_and_length(
+			length_callback,
+			[&key_map, allow_other_keys](std::string_view key, ast::NodeCPtr value) -> bool {
+				const key_map_t::iterator it = key_map.find(key);
+				if (it == key_map.end()) {
+					if (allow_other_keys) return true;
+					Logger::error("Invalid dictionary key: ", key);
+					return false;
+				}
+				dictionary_entry_t& entry = it->second;
+				if (++entry.count > 1 && !entry.can_repeat()) {
+					Logger::error("Invalid repeat of dictionary key: ", key);
+					return false;
+				}
+				return entry.callback(value);
+			}
+		)(node);
+		for (key_map_t::value_type const& key_entry : key_map) {
+			dictionary_entry_t const& entry = key_entry.second;
+			if (entry.must_appear() && entry.count < 1) {
+				Logger::error("Mandatory dictionary key not present: ", key_entry.first);
+				ret = false;
+			}
+		}
+		return ret;
+	};
+}
+
+node_callback_t NodeTools::name_list_callback(std::vector<std::string>& list) {
+	return expect_list_reserve_length(
+		list,
+		expect_identifier_or_string(
+			[&list](std::string_view str) -> bool {
+				if (!str.empty()) {
+					list.push_back(std::string { str });
+					return true;
+				}
+				Logger::error("Empty identifier or string");
+				return false;
+			}
+		)
+	);
+}
diff --git a/src/openvic-simulation/dataloader/NodeTools.hpp b/src/openvic-simulation/dataloader/NodeTools.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..805de94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/openvic-simulation/dataloader/NodeTools.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <map>
+
+#include "openvic-simulation/types/Colour.hpp"
+#include "openvic-simulation/types/Date.hpp"
+#include "openvic-simulation/types/fixed_point/FixedPoint.hpp"
+
+#include <openvic-dataloader/v2script/AbstractSyntaxTree.hpp>
+
+namespace OpenVic {
+	namespace ast = ovdl::v2script::ast;
+
+	namespace NodeTools {
+
+		template<typename... Args>
+		using callback_t = std::function<bool(Args...)>;
+
+		using node_callback_t = callback_t<ast::NodeCPtr>;
+		constexpr bool success_callback(ast::NodeCPtr) { return true; }
+
+		using key_value_callback_t = callback_t<std::string_view, ast::NodeCPtr>;
+
+		node_callback_t expect_identifier(callback_t<std::string_view> callback);
+		node_callback_t expect_string(callback_t<std::string_view> callback);
+		node_callback_t expect_identifier_or_string(callback_t<std::string_view> callback);
+		node_callback_t expect_bool(callback_t<bool> callback);
+		node_callback_t expect_int(callback_t<int64_t> callback);
+		node_callback_t expect_uint(callback_t<uint64_t> callback);
+		node_callback_t expect_fixed_point(callback_t<fixed_point_t> callback);
+		node_callback_t expect_colour(callback_t<colour_t> callback);
+		node_callback_t expect_date(callback_t<Date> callback);
+		node_callback_t expect_assign(key_value_callback_t callback);
+
+		using length_callback_t = std::function<size_t(size_t)>;
+		constexpr size_t default_length_callback(size_t size) { return size; };
+
+		node_callback_t expect_list_and_length(length_callback_t length_callback, node_callback_t callback);
+		node_callback_t expect_list_of_length(size_t length, node_callback_t callback);
+		node_callback_t expect_list(node_callback_t callback);
+
+		node_callback_t expect_dictionary_and_length(length_callback_t length_callback, key_value_callback_t callback);
+		node_callback_t expect_dictionary(key_value_callback_t callback);
+
+		struct dictionary_entry_t {
+			const enum class expected_count_t : uint8_t {
+				_MUST_APPEAR = 0b01,
+				_CAN_REPEAT = 0b10,
+
+				ZERO_OR_ONE = 0,
+				ONE_EXACTLY = _MUST_APPEAR,
+				ZERO_OR_MORE = _CAN_REPEAT,
+				ONE_OR_MORE = _MUST_APPEAR | _CAN_REPEAT
+			} expected_count;
+			const node_callback_t callback;
+			size_t count;
+
+			dictionary_entry_t(expected_count_t new_expected_count, node_callback_t new_callback)
+			: expected_count { new_expected_count }, callback { new_callback }, count { 0 } {}
+
+			constexpr bool must_appear() const {
+				return static_cast<uint8_t>(expected_count) & static_cast<uint8_t>(expected_count_t::_MUST_APPEAR);
+			}
+			constexpr bool can_repeat() const {
+				return static_cast<uint8_t>(expected_count) & static_cast<uint8_t>(expected_count_t::_CAN_REPEAT);
+			}
+		};
+		using enum dictionary_entry_t::expected_count_t;
+		using key_map_t = std::map<std::string, dictionary_entry_t, std::less<void>>;
+
+		constexpr struct allow_other_keys_t {} ALLOW_OTHER_KEYS;
+
+		node_callback_t _expect_dictionary_keys_and_length(length_callback_t length_callback, bool allow_other_keys, key_map_t&& key_map);
+
+		template<typename... Args>
+		node_callback_t _expect_dictionary_keys_and_length(length_callback_t length_callback,
+			bool allow_other_keys, key_map_t&& key_map,
+			const std::string_view key, dictionary_entry_t::expected_count_t expected_count, node_callback_t callback,
+			Args... args) {
+			if (key_map.find(key) == key_map.end()) {
+				key_map.emplace(key, dictionary_entry_t { expected_count, callback });
+			} else {
+				Logger::error("Duplicate expected dictionary key: ", key);
+			}
+			return _expect_dictionary_keys_and_length(length_callback, allow_other_keys, std::move(key_map), args...);
+		}
+
+		template<typename... Args>
+		node_callback_t expect_dictionary_keys_and_length(length_callback_t length_callback,
+			const std::string_view key, dictionary_entry_t::expected_count_t expected_count, node_callback_t callback,
+			Args... args) {
+			return _expect_dictionary_keys_and_length(length_callback, false, {}, key, expected_count, callback, args...);
+		}
+
+		template<typename... Args>
+		node_callback_t expect_dictionary_keys_and_length(length_callback_t length_callback,
+			allow_other_keys_t, Args... args) {
+			return _expect_dictionary_keys_and_length(length_callback, true, {}, args...);
+		}
+
+		template<typename... Args>
+		node_callback_t expect_dictionary_keys(Args... args) {
+			return expect_dictionary_keys_and_length(default_length_callback, args...);
+		}
+
+		template<typename T>
+		concept Reservable = requires(T& t) {
+			{ t.size() } -> std::same_as<size_t>;
+			t.reserve( size_t {} );
+		};
+		template<Reservable T>
+		node_callback_t expect_list_reserve_length(T& t, node_callback_t callback) {
+			return expect_list_and_length(
+				[&t](size_t size) -> size_t {
+					t.reserve(t.size() + size);
+					return size;
+				},
+				callback
+			);
+		}
+		template<Reservable T>
+		node_callback_t expect_dictionary_reserve_length(T& t, key_value_callback_t callback) {
+			return expect_list_reserve_length(t, expect_assign(callback));
+		}
+
+		node_callback_t name_list_callback(std::vector<std::string>& list);
+
+		template<typename T>
+		callback_t<T> assign_variable_callback(T& var) {
+			return [&var](T val) -> bool {
+				var = val;
+				return true;
+			};
+		}
+
+		template<typename T>
+		requires(std::integral<T>)
+		callback_t<uint64_t> assign_variable_callback_uint(const std::string_view name, T& var) {
+			return [&var, name](uint64_t val) -> bool {
+				if (val <= std::numeric_limits<T>::max()) {
+					var = val;
+					return true;
+				}
+				Logger::error("Invalid ", name, ": ", val, " (valid range: [0, ", static_cast<uint64_t>(std::numeric_limits<T>::max()), "])");
+				return false;
+			};
+		}
+
+		template<typename T>
+		requires(std::integral<T>)
+		callback_t<int64_t> assign_variable_callback_int(const std::string_view name, T& var) {
+			return [&var, name](int64_t val) -> bool {
+				if (std::numeric_limits<T>::lowest() <= val && val <= std::numeric_limits<T>::max()) {
+					var = val;
+					return true;
+				}
+				Logger::error("Invalid ", name, ": ", val, " (valid range: [",
+					static_cast<int64_t>(std::numeric_limits<T>::lowest()), ", ",
+					static_cast<uint64_t>(std::numeric_limits<T>::max()), "])");
+				return false;
+			};
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/src/openvic-simulation/economy/Good.cpp b/src/openvic-simulation/economy/Good.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e3dbd3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/openvic-simulation/economy/Good.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+#include "Good.hpp"
+
+#include <cassert>
+
+using namespace OpenVic;
+using namespace OpenVic::NodeTools;
+
+GoodCategory::GoodCategory(const std::string_view new_identifier) : HasIdentifier { new_identifier } {}
+
+Good::Good(const std::string_view new_identifier, colour_t new_colour, GoodCategory const& new_category, price_t new_base_price,
+	bool new_available_from_start, bool new_tradeable, bool new_money, bool new_overseas_penalty)
+	: HasIdentifierAndColour { new_identifier, new_colour, true },
+	  category { new_category },
+	  base_price { new_base_price },
+	  available_from_start { new_available_from_start },
+	  tradeable { new_tradeable },
+	  money { new_money },
+	  overseas_penalty { new_overseas_penalty } {
+	assert(base_price > NULL_PRICE);
+}
+
+GoodCategory const& Good::get_category() const {
+	return category;
+}
+
+Good::price_t Good::get_base_price() const {
+	return base_price;
+}
+
+Good::price_t Good::get_price() const {
+	return price;
+}
+
+bool Good::get_available_from_start() const {
+	return available_from_start;
+}
+
+bool Good::get_available() const {
+	return available;
+}
+
+bool Good::get_tradeable() const {
+	return tradeable;
+}
+
+bool Good::get_money() const {
+	return money;
+}
+
+bool Good::get_overseas_penalty() {
+	return overseas_penalty;
+}
+
+void Good::reset_to_defaults() {
+	available = available_from_start;
+	price = base_price;
+}
+
+GoodManager::GoodManager() : good_categories { "good categories" }, goods { "goods" } {}
+
+bool GoodManager::add_good_category(const std::string_view identifier) {
+	if (identifier.empty()) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid good category identifier - empty!");
+		return false;
+	}
+	return good_categories.add_item({ identifier });
+}
+
+bool GoodManager::add_good(const std::string_view identifier, colour_t colour, GoodCategory const* category,
+	Good::price_t base_price, bool available_from_start, bool tradeable, bool money, bool overseas_penalty) {
+	if (identifier.empty()) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid good identifier - empty!");
+		return false;
+	}
+	if (colour > MAX_COLOUR_RGB) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid good colour for ", identifier, ": ", colour_to_hex_string(colour));
+		return false;
+	}
+	if (category == nullptr) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid good category for ", identifier, ": null");
+		return false;
+	}
+	if (base_price <= Good::NULL_PRICE) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid base price for ", identifier, ": ", base_price);
+		return false;
+	}
+	return goods.add_item({ identifier, colour, *category, base_price, available_from_start, tradeable, money, overseas_penalty });
+}
+
+void GoodManager::reset_to_defaults() {
+	for (Good& good : goods.get_items())
+		good.reset_to_defaults();
+}
+
+bool GoodManager::load_good_file(ast::NodeCPtr root) {
+	size_t total_expected_goods = 0;
+	bool ret = expect_dictionary_reserve_length(
+		good_categories,
+		[this, &total_expected_goods](std::string_view key, ast::NodeCPtr value) -> bool {
+			bool ret = expect_list_and_length(
+				[&total_expected_goods](size_t size) -> size_t {
+					total_expected_goods += size;
+					return 0;
+				},
+				success_callback
+			)(value);
+			ret &= add_good_category(key);
+			return ret;
+		}
+	)(root);
+	lock_good_categories();
+	goods.reserve(goods.size() + total_expected_goods);
+	ret &= expect_dictionary(
+		[this](std::string_view good_category_key, ast::NodeCPtr good_category_value) -> bool {
+			GoodCategory const* good_category = get_good_category_by_identifier(good_category_key);
+
+			return expect_dictionary(
+				[this, good_category](std::string_view key, ast::NodeCPtr value) -> bool {
+					colour_t colour = NULL_COLOUR;
+					Good::price_t base_price;
+					bool available_from_start, tradeable = true;
+					bool money, overseas_penalty = false;
+
+					bool ret = expect_dictionary_keys(
+						"color", ONE_EXACTLY, expect_colour(assign_variable_callback(colour)),
+						"cost", ONE_EXACTLY, expect_fixed_point(assign_variable_callback(base_price)),
+						"available_from_start", ZERO_OR_ONE, expect_bool(assign_variable_callback(available_from_start)),
+						"tradeable", ZERO_OR_ONE, expect_bool(assign_variable_callback(tradeable)),
+						"money", ZERO_OR_ONE, expect_bool(assign_variable_callback(money)),
+						"overseas_penalty", ZERO_OR_ONE, expect_bool(assign_variable_callback(overseas_penalty))
+					)(value);
+					ret &= add_good(key, colour, good_category, base_price, available_from_start, tradeable, money, overseas_penalty);
+					return ret;
+				}
+			)(good_category_value);
+		}
+	)(root);
+	lock_goods();
+	return ret;
+}
diff --git a/src/openvic-simulation/economy/Good.hpp b/src/openvic-simulation/economy/Good.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d5cd532
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/openvic-simulation/economy/Good.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "openvic-simulation/types/IdentifierRegistry.hpp"
+#include "openvic-simulation/dataloader/NodeTools.hpp"
+
+namespace OpenVic {
+	struct GoodManager;
+
+	struct GoodCategory : HasIdentifier {
+		friend struct GoodManager;
+
+	private:
+		GoodCategory(const std::string_view new_identifier);
+
+	public:
+		GoodCategory(GoodCategory&&) = default;
+	};
+
+	/* REQUIREMENTS:
+	 *
+	 * ECON-3 , ECON-4 , ECON-5 , ECON-6 , ECON-7 , ECON-8 , ECON-9 , ECON-10, ECON-11, ECON-12, ECON-13, ECON-14,
+	 * ECON-15, ECON-16, ECON-17, ECON-18, ECON-19, ECON-20, ECON-21, ECON-22, ECON-23, ECON-24, ECON-25, ECON-26,
+	 * ECON-27, ECON-28, ECON-29, ECON-30, ECON-31, ECON-32, ECON-33, ECON-34, ECON-35, ECON-36, ECON-37, ECON-38,
+	 * ECON-39, ECON-40, ECON-41, ECON-42, ECON-43, ECON-44, ECON-45, ECON-46, ECON-47, ECON-48, ECON-49, ECON-50
+	 *
+	 * ECON-123, ECON-124, ECON-125, ECON-126, ECON-127, ECON-128, ECON-129, ECON-130, ECON-131, ECON-132, ECON-133, ECON-134,
+	 * ECON-135, ECON-136, ECON-137, ECON-138, ECON-139, ECON-140, ECON-141, ECON-142, ECON-234, ECON-235, ECON-236, ECON-237,
+	 * ECON-238, ECON-239, ECON-240, ECON-241, ECON-242, ECON-243, ECON-244, ECON-245, ECON-246, ECON-247, ECON-248, ECON-249,
+	 * ECON-250, ECON-251, ECON-252, ECON-253, ECON-254, ECON-255, ECON-256, ECON-257, ECON-258, ECON-259, ECON-260, ECON-261
+	 */
+	struct Good : HasIdentifierAndColour {
+		friend struct GoodManager;
+
+		using price_t = fixed_point_t;
+		static constexpr price_t NULL_PRICE = fixed_point_t::_0();
+
+	private:
+		GoodCategory const& category;
+		const price_t base_price;
+		price_t price;
+		const bool available_from_start, tradeable, money, overseas_penalty;
+		bool available;
+
+		Good(const std::string_view new_identifier, colour_t new_colour, GoodCategory const& new_category, price_t new_base_price,
+			bool new_available_from_start, bool new_tradeable, bool new_money, bool new_overseas_penalty);
+
+	public:
+		Good(Good&&) = default;
+
+		GoodCategory const& get_category() const;
+		price_t get_base_price() const;
+		price_t get_price() const;
+		bool get_available_from_start() const;
+		bool get_available() const;
+		bool get_tradeable() const;
+		bool get_money() const;
+		bool get_overseas_penalty();
+		void reset_to_defaults();
+	};
+
+	struct GoodManager {
+	private:
+		IdentifierRegistry<GoodCategory> good_categories;
+		IdentifierRegistry<Good> goods;
+
+	public:
+		GoodManager();
+
+		bool add_good_category(const std::string_view identifier);
+		IDENTIFIER_REGISTRY_ACCESSORS_CUSTOM_PLURAL(GoodCategory, good_category, good_categories)
+
+		bool add_good(const std::string_view identifier, colour_t colour, GoodCategory const* category, Good::price_t base_price,
+			bool available_from_start, bool tradeable, bool money, bool overseas_penalty);
+		IDENTIFIER_REGISTRY_ACCESSORS(Good, good)
+
+		void reset_to_defaults();
+		bool load_good_file(ast::NodeCPtr root);
+	};
+}
diff --git a/src/openvic-simulation/map/Building.cpp b/src/openvic-simulation/map/Building.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6e5cf18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/openvic-simulation/map/Building.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+#include "Building.hpp"
+
+#include <cassert>
+
+#include "openvic-simulation/map/Province.hpp"
+#include "openvic-simulation/utility/Logger.hpp"
+
+using namespace OpenVic;
+
+Building::Building(BuildingType const& new_type)
+	: HasIdentifier { new_type.get_identifier() },
+	  type { new_type } {}
+
+bool Building::_can_expand() const {
+	return level < type.get_max_level();
+}
+
+BuildingType const& Building::get_type() const {
+	return type;
+}
+
+Building::level_t Building::get_level() const {
+	return level;
+}
+
+Building::ExpansionState Building::get_expansion_state() const {
+	return expansion_state;
+}
+
+Date const& Building::get_start_date() const {
+	return start;
+}
+
+Date const& Building::get_end_date() const {
+	return end;
+}
+
+float Building::get_expansion_progress() const {
+	return expansion_progress;
+}
+
+bool Building::expand() {
+	if (expansion_state == ExpansionState::CanExpand) {
+		expansion_state = ExpansionState::Preparing;
+		expansion_progress = 0.0f;
+		return true;
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+/* REQUIREMENTS:
+ * MAP-71, MAP-74, MAP-77
+ */
+void Building::update_state(Date const& today) {
+	switch (expansion_state) {
+		case ExpansionState::Preparing:
+			start = today;
+			end = start + type.get_build_time();
+			break;
+		case ExpansionState::Expanding:
+			expansion_progress = static_cast<double>(today - start) / static_cast<double>(end - start);
+			break;
+		default: expansion_state = _can_expand() ? ExpansionState::CanExpand : ExpansionState::CannotExpand;
+	}
+}
+
+void Building::tick(Date const& today) {
+	if (expansion_state == ExpansionState::Preparing) {
+		expansion_state = ExpansionState::Expanding;
+	}
+	if (expansion_state == ExpansionState::Expanding) {
+		if (end <= today) {
+			level++;
+			expansion_state = ExpansionState::CannotExpand;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+BuildingType::BuildingType(const std::string_view new_identifier, Building::level_t new_max_level, Timespan new_build_time)
+	: HasIdentifier { new_identifier },
+	  max_level { new_max_level },
+	  build_time { new_build_time } {
+	assert(max_level >= 0);
+	assert(build_time >= 0);
+}
+
+Building::level_t BuildingType::get_max_level() const {
+	return max_level;
+}
+
+Timespan BuildingType::get_build_time() const {
+	return build_time;
+}
+
+BuildingManager::BuildingManager() : building_types { "building types" } {}
+
+bool BuildingManager::add_building_type(const std::string_view identifier, Building::level_t max_level, Timespan build_time) {
+	if (identifier.empty()) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid building type identifier - empty!");
+		return false;
+	}
+	if (max_level < 0) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid building type max level for ", identifier, ": ", max_level);
+		return false;
+	}
+	if (build_time < 0) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid building type build time for ", identifier, ": ", build_time);
+		return false;
+	}
+	return building_types.add_item({ identifier, max_level, build_time });
+}
+
+bool BuildingManager::generate_province_buildings(Province& province) const {
+	province.reset_buildings();
+	if (!building_types.is_locked()) {
+		Logger::error("Cannot generate buildings until building types are locked!");
+		return false;
+	}
+	bool ret = true;
+	if (!province.is_water()) {
+		for (BuildingType const& type : building_types.get_items()) {
+			ret &= province.add_building({ type });
+		}
+	}
+	province.lock_buildings();
+	return ret;
+}
diff --git a/src/openvic-simulation/map/Building.hpp b/src/openvic-simulation/map/Building.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d36dfd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/openvic-simulation/map/Building.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "openvic-simulation/types/Date.hpp"
+#include "openvic-simulation/types/IdentifierRegistry.hpp"
+
+namespace OpenVic {
+
+	struct BuildingManager;
+	struct BuildingType;
+
+	/* REQUIREMENTS:
+	 * MAP-11, MAP-72, MAP-73
+	 * MAP-12, MAP-75, MAP-76
+	 * MAP-13, MAP-78, MAP-79
+	 */
+	struct Building : HasIdentifier {
+		friend struct BuildingManager;
+
+		using level_t = int8_t;
+
+		enum class ExpansionState {
+			CannotExpand,
+			CanExpand,
+			Preparing,
+			Expanding
+		};
+
+	private:
+		BuildingType const& type;
+		level_t level = 0;
+		ExpansionState expansion_state = ExpansionState::CannotExpand;
+		Date start, end;
+		float expansion_progress;
+
+		Building(BuildingType const& new_type);
+
+		bool _can_expand() const;
+
+	public:
+		Building(Building&&) = default;
+
+		BuildingType const& get_type() const;
+		level_t get_level() const;
+		ExpansionState get_expansion_state() const;
+		Date const& get_start_date() const;
+		Date const& get_end_date() const;
+		float get_expansion_progress() const;
+
+		bool expand();
+		void update_state(Date const& today);
+		void tick(Date const& today);
+	};
+
+	struct BuildingType : HasIdentifier {
+		friend struct BuildingManager;
+
+	private:
+		const Building::level_t max_level;
+		const Timespan build_time;
+
+		BuildingType(const std::string_view new_identifier, Building::level_t new_max_level, Timespan new_build_time);
+
+	public:
+		BuildingType(BuildingType&&) = default;
+
+		Building::level_t get_max_level() const;
+		Timespan get_build_time() const;
+	};
+
+	struct Province;
+
+	struct BuildingManager {
+	private:
+		IdentifierRegistry<BuildingType> building_types;
+
+	public:
+		BuildingManager();
+
+		bool add_building_type(const std::string_view identifier, Building::level_t max_level, Timespan build_time);
+		IDENTIFIER_REGISTRY_ACCESSORS(BuildingType, building_type)
+		bool generate_province_buildings(Province& province) const;
+	};
+}
diff --git a/src/openvic-simulation/map/Map.cpp b/src/openvic-simulation/map/Map.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3f86ccc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/openvic-simulation/map/Map.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,509 @@
+#include "Map.hpp"
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <unordered_set>
+
+#include "openvic-simulation/economy/Good.hpp"
+#include "openvic-simulation/utility/Logger.hpp"
+
+using namespace OpenVic;
+
+Mapmode::Mapmode(const std::string_view new_identifier, index_t new_index, colour_func_t new_colour_func)
+	: HasIdentifier { new_identifier },
+	  index { new_index },
+	  colour_func { new_colour_func } {
+	assert(colour_func != nullptr);
+}
+
+const Mapmode Mapmode::ERROR_MAPMODE { "mapmode_error", 0,
+	[](Map const& map, Province const& province) -> colour_t { return 0xFFFF0000; } };
+
+Mapmode::index_t Mapmode::get_index() const {
+	return index;
+}
+
+colour_t Mapmode::get_colour(Map const& map, Province const& province) const {
+	return colour_func ? colour_func(map, province) : NULL_COLOUR;
+}
+
+Map::Map() : provinces { "provinces" },
+			 regions { "regions" },
+			 mapmodes { "mapmodes" } {}
+
+bool Map::add_province(const std::string_view identifier, colour_t colour) {
+	if (provinces.size() >= max_provinces) {
+		Logger::error("The map's province list is full - maximum number of provinces is ", max_provinces, " (this can be at most ", Province::MAX_INDEX, ")");
+		return false;
+	}
+	if (identifier.empty()) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid province identifier - empty!");
+		return false;
+	}
+	if (colour == NULL_COLOUR || colour > MAX_COLOUR_RGB) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid province colour for ", identifier, ": ", colour_to_hex_string(colour));
+		return false;
+	}
+	Province new_province { identifier, colour, static_cast<Province::index_t>(provinces.size() + 1) };
+	const Province::index_t index = get_index_from_colour(colour);
+	if (index != Province::NULL_INDEX) {
+		Logger::error("Duplicate province colours: ", get_province_by_index(index)->to_string(), " and ", new_province.to_string());
+		return false;
+	}
+	colour_index_map[new_province.get_colour()] = new_province.get_index();
+	return provinces.add_item(std::move(new_province));
+}
+
+void Map::lock_provinces() {
+	provinces.lock();
+}
+
+bool Map::set_water_province(const std::string_view identifier) {
+	if (water_provinces.is_locked()) {
+		Logger::error("The map's water provinces have already been locked!");
+		return false;
+	}
+	Province* province = get_province_by_identifier(identifier);
+	if (province == nullptr) {
+		Logger::error("Unrecognised water province identifier: ", identifier);
+		return false;
+	}
+	if (province->is_water()) {
+		Logger::error("Province ", identifier, " is already a water province!");
+		return false;
+	}
+	if (!water_provinces.add_province(province)) {
+		Logger::error("Failed to add province ", identifier, " to water province set!");
+		return false;
+	}
+	province->water = true;
+	return true;
+}
+
+bool Map::set_water_province_list(std::vector<std::string_view> const& list) {
+	bool ret = true;
+	water_provinces.reserve(water_provinces.size() + list.size());
+	for (std::string_view const& identifier : list) {
+		ret &= set_water_province(identifier);
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
+
+void Map::lock_water_provinces() {
+	water_provinces.lock();
+	Logger::info("Locked water provinces after registering ", water_provinces.size());
+}
+
+bool Map::add_region(const std::string_view identifier, std::vector<std::string_view> const& province_identifiers) {
+	if (identifier.empty()) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid region identifier - empty!");
+		return false;
+	}
+	Region new_region { identifier };
+	bool ret = true;
+	for (const std::string_view province_identifier : province_identifiers) {
+		Province* province = get_province_by_identifier(province_identifier);
+		if (province != nullptr) {
+			if (new_region.contains_province(province)) {
+				Logger::error("Duplicate province identifier ", province_identifier, " in region ", identifier);
+				ret = false;
+			} else {
+				size_t other_region_index = reinterpret_cast<size_t>(province->get_region());
+				if (other_region_index != 0) {
+					other_region_index--;
+					if (other_region_index < regions.size())
+						Logger::error("Cannot add province ", province_identifier, " to region ", identifier, " - it is already part of ", regions.get_item_by_index(other_region_index)->get_identifier());
+					else
+						Logger::error("Cannot add province ", province_identifier, " to region ", identifier, " - it is already part of an unknown region with index ", other_region_index);
+					ret = false;
+				} else if (!new_region.add_province(province)) {
+					Logger::error("Failed to add province ", province_identifier, " to region ", identifier);
+					ret = false;
+				}
+			}
+		} else {
+			Logger::error("Invalid province identifier ", province_identifier, " for region ", identifier);
+			ret = false;
+		}
+	}
+	new_region.lock();
+	if (new_region.empty()) {
+		Logger::error("No valid provinces in list for ", identifier);
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	// Used to detect provinces listed in multiple regions, will
+	// be corrected once regions is stable (i.e. lock_regions).
+	Region* tmp_region_index = reinterpret_cast<Region*>(regions.size());
+	for (Province* province : new_region.get_provinces())
+		province->region = tmp_region_index;
+	ret &= regions.add_item(std::move(new_region));
+	return ret;
+}
+
+void Map::lock_regions() {
+	regions.lock();
+	for (Region& region : regions.get_items())
+		for (Province* province : region.get_provinces())
+			province->region = &region;
+}
+
+size_t Map::get_province_count() const {
+	return provinces.size();
+}
+
+std::vector<Province> const& Map::get_provinces() const {
+	return provinces.get_items();
+}
+
+Province* Map::get_province_by_index(Province::index_t index) {
+	return index != Province::NULL_INDEX ? provinces.get_item_by_index(index - 1) : nullptr;
+}
+
+Province const* Map::get_province_by_index(Province::index_t index) const {
+	return index != Province::NULL_INDEX ? provinces.get_item_by_index(index - 1) : nullptr;
+}
+
+Province* Map::get_province_by_identifier(const std::string_view identifier) {
+	return provinces.get_item_by_identifier(identifier);
+}
+
+Province const* Map::get_province_by_identifier(const std::string_view identifier) const {
+	return provinces.get_item_by_identifier(identifier);
+}
+
+Province::index_t Map::get_index_from_colour(colour_t colour) const {
+	const colour_index_map_t::const_iterator it = colour_index_map.find(colour);
+	if (it != colour_index_map.end()) return it->second;
+	return Province::NULL_INDEX;
+}
+
+Province::index_t Map::get_province_index_at(size_t x, size_t y) const {
+	if (x < width && y < height) return province_shape_image[x + y * width].index;
+	return Province::NULL_INDEX;
+}
+
+bool Map::set_max_provinces(Province::index_t new_max_provinces) {
+	if (new_max_provinces <= Province::NULL_INDEX) {
+		Logger::error("Trying to set max province count to an invalid value ", new_max_provinces, " (must be greater than ", Province::NULL_INDEX, ")");
+		return false;
+	}
+	if (!provinces.empty() || provinces.is_locked()) {
+		Logger::error("Trying to set max province count to ", new_max_provinces, " after provinces have already been added and/or locked");
+		return false;
+	}
+	max_provinces = new_max_provinces;
+	return true;
+}
+
+Province::index_t Map::get_max_provinces() const {
+	return max_provinces;
+}
+
+void Map::set_selected_province(Province::index_t index) {
+	if (index > get_province_count()) {
+		Logger::error("Trying to set selected province to an invalid index ", index, " (max index is ", get_province_count(), ")");
+		selected_province = Province::NULL_INDEX;
+	} else {
+		selected_province = index;
+	}
+}
+
+Province::index_t Map::get_selected_province_index() const {
+	return selected_province;
+}
+
+Province const* Map::get_selected_province() const {
+	return get_province_by_index(get_selected_province_index());
+}
+
+Region* Map::get_region_by_identifier(const std::string_view identifier) {
+	return regions.get_item_by_identifier(identifier);
+}
+
+Region const* Map::get_region_by_identifier(const std::string_view identifier) const {
+	return regions.get_item_by_identifier(identifier);
+}
+
+size_t Map::get_region_count() const {
+	return regions.size();
+}
+
+std::vector<Region> const& Map::get_regions() const {
+	return regions.get_items();
+}
+
+static colour_t colour_at(uint8_t const* colour_data, int32_t idx) {
+	idx *= 3;
+	return (colour_data[idx] << 16) | (colour_data[idx + 1] << 8) | colour_data[idx + 2];
+}
+
+bool Map::generate_province_shape_image(size_t new_width, size_t new_height, uint8_t const* colour_data,
+	uint8_t const* terrain_data, terrain_variant_map_t const& terrain_variant_map, bool detailed_errors) {
+	if (!province_shape_image.empty()) {
+		Logger::error("Province index image has already been generated!");
+		return false;
+	}
+	if (!provinces.is_locked()) {
+		Logger::error("Province index image cannot be generated until after provinces are locked!");
+		return false;
+	}
+	if (new_width < 1 || new_height < 1) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid province image dimensions: ", new_width, "x", new_height);
+		return false;
+	}
+	if (colour_data == nullptr) {
+		Logger::error("Province colour data pointer is null!");
+		return false;
+	}
+	if (terrain_data == nullptr) {
+		Logger::error("Province terrain data pointer is null!");
+		return false;
+	}
+	width = new_width;
+	height = new_height;
+	province_shape_image.resize(width * height);
+
+	std::vector<bool> province_checklist(provinces.size());
+	bool ret = true;
+	std::unordered_set<colour_t> unrecognised_province_colours, unrecognised_terrain_colours;
+
+	for (int32_t y = 0; y < height; ++y) {
+		for (int32_t x = 0; x < width; ++x) {
+			const int32_t idx = x + y * width;
+
+			const colour_t terrain_colour = colour_at(terrain_data, idx);
+			const terrain_variant_map_t::const_iterator it = terrain_variant_map.find(terrain_colour);
+			if (it != terrain_variant_map.end()) province_shape_image[idx].terrain = it->second;
+			else {
+				if (unrecognised_terrain_colours.find(terrain_colour) == unrecognised_terrain_colours.end()) {
+					unrecognised_terrain_colours.insert(terrain_colour);
+					if (detailed_errors) {
+						Logger::error("Unrecognised terrain colour ", colour_to_hex_string(terrain_colour),
+							" at (", x, ", ", y, ")");
+					}
+				}
+				province_shape_image[idx].terrain = 0;
+			}
+
+			const colour_t province_colour = colour_at(colour_data, idx);
+			if (x > 0) {
+				const int32_t jdx = idx - 1;
+				if (colour_at(colour_data, jdx) == province_colour) {
+					province_shape_image[idx].index = province_shape_image[jdx].index;
+					continue;
+				}
+			}
+			if (y > 0) {
+				const int32_t jdx = idx - width;
+				if (colour_at(colour_data, jdx) == province_colour) {
+					province_shape_image[idx].index = province_shape_image[jdx].index;
+					continue;
+				}
+			}
+			const Province::index_t index = get_index_from_colour(province_colour);
+			if (index != Province::NULL_INDEX) {
+				province_checklist[index - 1] = true;
+				province_shape_image[idx].index = index;
+				continue;
+			}
+			if (unrecognised_province_colours.find(province_colour) == unrecognised_province_colours.end()) {
+				unrecognised_province_colours.insert(province_colour);
+				if (detailed_errors) {
+					Logger::error("Unrecognised province colour ", colour_to_hex_string(province_colour),
+						" at (", x, ", ", y, ")");
+				}
+			}
+			province_shape_image[idx].index = Province::NULL_INDEX;
+		}
+	}
+	if (!unrecognised_province_colours.empty()) {
+		Logger::error("Province image contains ", unrecognised_province_colours.size(), " unrecognised province colours");
+		ret = false;
+	}
+	if (!unrecognised_terrain_colours.empty()) {
+		Logger::error("Terrain image contains ", unrecognised_terrain_colours.size(), " unrecognised terrain colours");
+		ret = false;
+	}
+
+	size_t missing = 0;
+	for (size_t idx = 0; idx < province_checklist.size(); ++idx) {
+		if (!province_checklist[idx]) {
+			if (detailed_errors) {
+				Logger::error("Province missing from shape image: ", provinces.get_item_by_index(idx)->to_string());
+			}
+			missing++;
+		}
+	}
+	if (missing > 0) {
+		Logger::error("Province image is missing ", missing, " province colours");
+		ret = false;
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
+
+size_t Map::get_width() const {
+	return width;
+}
+
+size_t Map::get_height() const {
+	return height;
+}
+
+std::vector<Map::shape_pixel_t> const& Map::get_province_shape_image() const {
+	return province_shape_image;
+}
+
+bool Map::add_mapmode(const std::string_view identifier, Mapmode::colour_func_t colour_func) {
+	if (identifier.empty()) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid mapmode identifier - empty!");
+		return false;
+	}
+	if (colour_func == nullptr) {
+		Logger::error("Mapmode colour function is null for identifier: ", identifier);
+		return false;
+	}
+	return mapmodes.add_item({ identifier, mapmodes.size(), colour_func });
+}
+
+bool Map::generate_mapmode_colours(Mapmode::index_t index, uint8_t* target) const {
+	if (target == nullptr) {
+		Logger::error("Mapmode colour target pointer is null!");
+		return false;
+	}
+	bool ret = true;
+	Mapmode const* mapmode = mapmodes.get_item_by_index(index);
+	if (mapmode == nullptr) {
+		// Not an error if mapmodes haven't yet been loaded,
+		// e.g. if we want to allocate the province colour
+		// texture before mapmodes are loaded.
+		if (!(mapmodes.empty() && index == 0)) {
+			Logger::error("Invalid mapmode index: ", index);
+			ret = false;
+		}
+		mapmode = &Mapmode::ERROR_MAPMODE;
+	}
+	// Skip past Province::NULL_INDEX
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < MAPMODE_COLOUR_SIZE; ++i)
+		*target++ = 0;
+	for (Province const& province : provinces.get_items()) {
+		const colour_t colour = mapmode->get_colour(*this, province);
+		*target++ = (colour >> 16) & FULL_COLOUR;
+		*target++ = (colour >> 8) & FULL_COLOUR;
+		*target++ = colour & FULL_COLOUR;
+		*target++ = (colour >> 24) & FULL_COLOUR;
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
+
+void Map::update_highest_province_population() {
+	highest_province_population = 0;
+	for (Province const& province : provinces.get_items()) {
+		highest_province_population = std::max(highest_province_population, province.get_total_population());
+	}
+}
+
+Pop::pop_size_t Map::get_highest_province_population() const {
+	return highest_province_population;
+}
+
+void Map::update_total_map_population() {
+	total_map_population = 0;
+	for (Province const& province : provinces.get_items()) {
+		total_map_population += province.get_total_population();
+	}
+}
+
+Pop::pop_size_t Map::get_total_map_population() const {
+	return total_map_population;
+}
+
+bool Map::setup(GoodManager const& good_manager, BuildingManager const& building_manager, PopManager const& pop_manager) {
+	bool ret = true;
+	for (Province& province : provinces.get_items()) {
+		province.clear_pops();
+		// Set all land provinces to have an RGO based on their index to test them
+		if (!province.is_water() && good_manager.get_good_count() > 0)
+			province.rgo = good_manager.get_good_by_index(province.get_index() % good_manager.get_good_count());
+		ret &= building_manager.generate_province_buildings(province);
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
+
+void Map::update_state(Date const& today) {
+	for (Province& province : provinces.get_items())
+		province.update_state(today);
+	update_highest_province_population();
+	update_total_map_population();
+}
+
+void Map::tick(Date const& today) {
+	for (Province& province : provinces.get_items())
+		province.tick(today);
+}
+
+using namespace ovdl::csv;
+
+static bool validate_province_definitions_header(LineObject const& header) {
+	static const std::vector<std::string> standard_header { "province", "red", "green", "blue" };
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < standard_header.size(); ++i) {
+		const std::string_view val = header.get_value_for(i);
+		if (i == 0 && val.empty()) break;
+		if (val != standard_header[i]) return false;
+	}
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool parse_province_colour(colour_t& colour, std::array<std::string_view, 3> components) {
+	bool ret = true;
+	colour = NULL_COLOUR;
+	for (std::string_view& c : components) {
+		colour <<= 8;
+		if (c.ends_with('.')) c.remove_suffix(1);
+		bool successful = false;
+		uint64_t val = StringUtils::string_to_uint64(c, &successful, 10);
+		if (successful && val <= 255) {
+			colour |= val;
+		} else {
+			ret = false;
+		}
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
+
+bool Map::load_province_definitions(std::vector<LineObject> const& lines) {
+	if (lines.empty()) {
+		Logger::error("No header or entries in province definition file!");
+		return false;
+	}
+	{
+		LineObject const& header = lines.front();
+		if (!validate_province_definitions_header(header)) {
+			Logger::error("Non-standard province definition file header - make sure this is not a province definition: ", header);
+		}
+	}
+	if (lines.size() <= 1) {
+		Logger::error("No entries in province definition file!");
+		return false;
+	}
+	provinces.reserve(lines.size() - 1);
+	bool ret = true;
+	std::for_each(lines.begin() + 1, lines.end(),
+		[this, &ret](LineObject const& line) -> void {
+			const std::string_view identifier = line.get_value_for(0);
+			if (!identifier.empty()) {
+				colour_t colour;
+				if (!parse_province_colour(colour, {
+					line.get_value_for(1),
+					line.get_value_for(2),
+					line.get_value_for(3)
+				})) {
+					Logger::error("Error reading colour in province definition: ", line);
+					ret = false;
+				}
+				ret &= add_province(identifier, colour);
+			}
+		}
+	);
+	lock_provinces();
+	return ret;
+}
diff --git a/src/openvic-simulation/map/Map.hpp b/src/openvic-simulation/map/Map.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..71719e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/openvic-simulation/map/Map.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <functional>
+
+#include <openvic-dataloader/csv/LineObject.hpp>
+
+#include "openvic-simulation/map/Region.hpp"
+
+namespace OpenVic {
+
+	struct Mapmode : HasIdentifier {
+		friend struct Map;
+
+		using colour_func_t = std::function<colour_t(Map const&, Province const&)>;
+		using index_t = size_t;
+
+	private:
+		const index_t index;
+		const colour_func_t colour_func;
+
+		Mapmode(const std::string_view new_identifier, index_t new_index, colour_func_t new_colour_func);
+
+	public:
+		static const Mapmode ERROR_MAPMODE;
+
+		Mapmode(Mapmode&&) = default;
+
+		index_t get_index() const;
+		colour_t get_colour(Map const& map, Province const& province) const;
+	};
+
+	struct GoodManager;
+
+	/* REQUIREMENTS:
+	 * MAP-4
+	 */
+	struct Map {
+		using terrain_t = uint8_t;
+		using terrain_variant_map_t = std::map<colour_t, terrain_t>;
+
+#pragma pack(push, 1)
+		struct shape_pixel_t {
+			Province::index_t index;
+			terrain_t terrain;
+		};
+#pragma pack(pop)
+	private:
+		using colour_index_map_t = std::map<colour_t, Province::index_t>;
+
+		IdentifierRegistry<Province> provinces;
+		IdentifierRegistry<Region> regions;
+		IdentifierRegistry<Mapmode> mapmodes;
+		ProvinceSet water_provinces;
+
+		size_t width = 0, height = 0;
+		std::vector<shape_pixel_t> province_shape_image;
+		colour_index_map_t colour_index_map;
+		Province::index_t max_provinces = Province::MAX_INDEX;
+		Province::index_t selected_province = Province::NULL_INDEX;
+
+		Pop::pop_size_t highest_province_population, total_map_population;
+
+		Province::index_t get_index_from_colour(colour_t colour) const;
+
+	public:
+		Map();
+
+		bool add_province(const std::string_view identifier, colour_t colour);
+		void lock_provinces();
+		bool set_water_province(const std::string_view identifier);
+		bool set_water_province_list(std::vector<std::string_view> const& list);
+		void lock_water_provinces();
+		bool add_region(const std::string_view identifier, std::vector<std::string_view> const& province_identifiers);
+		void lock_regions();
+
+		size_t get_province_count() const;
+		std::vector<Province> const& get_provinces() const;
+		Province* get_province_by_index(Province::index_t index);
+		Province const* get_province_by_index(Province::index_t index) const;
+		Province* get_province_by_identifier(const std::string_view identifier);
+		Province const* get_province_by_identifier(const std::string_view identifier) const;
+		Province::index_t get_province_index_at(size_t x, size_t y) const;
+		bool set_max_provinces(Province::index_t new_max_provinces);
+		Province::index_t get_max_provinces() const;
+		void set_selected_province(Province::index_t index);
+		Province::index_t get_selected_province_index() const;
+		Province const* get_selected_province() const;
+
+		Region* get_region_by_identifier(const std::string_view identifier);
+		Region const* get_region_by_identifier(const std::string_view identifier) const;
+		size_t get_region_count() const;
+		std::vector<Region> const& get_regions() const;
+
+		bool generate_province_shape_image(size_t new_width, size_t new_height, uint8_t const* colour_data,
+			uint8_t const* terrain_data, terrain_variant_map_t const& terrain_variant_map, bool detailed_errors);
+		size_t get_width() const;
+		size_t get_height() const;
+		std::vector<shape_pixel_t> const& get_province_shape_image() const;
+
+		bool add_mapmode(const std::string_view identifier, Mapmode::colour_func_t colour_func);
+		IDENTIFIER_REGISTRY_ACCESSORS(Mapmode, mapmode)
+		static constexpr size_t MAPMODE_COLOUR_SIZE = 4;
+		bool generate_mapmode_colours(Mapmode::index_t index, uint8_t* target) const;
+
+		bool setup(GoodManager const& good_manager, BuildingManager const& building_manager, PopManager const& pop_manager);
+
+		void update_highest_province_population();
+		Pop::pop_size_t get_highest_province_population() const;
+		void update_total_map_population();
+		Pop::pop_size_t get_total_map_population() const;
+
+		void update_state(Date const& today);
+		void tick(Date const& today);
+
+		bool load_province_definitions(std::vector<ovdl::csv::LineObject> const& lines);
+	};
+}
diff --git a/src/openvic-simulation/map/Province.cpp b/src/openvic-simulation/map/Province.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..43eddd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/openvic-simulation/map/Province.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+#include "Province.hpp"
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <iomanip>
+#include <sstream>
+
+using namespace OpenVic;
+using namespace OpenVic::NodeTools;
+
+Province::Province(const std::string_view new_identifier, colour_t new_colour, index_t new_index)
+	: HasIdentifierAndColour { new_identifier, new_colour, false },
+	  index { new_index },
+	  buildings { "buildings", false } {
+	assert(index != NULL_INDEX);
+}
+
+Province::index_t Province::get_index() const {
+	return index;
+}
+
+Region* Province::get_region() const {
+	return region;
+}
+
+bool Province::is_water() const {
+	return water;
+}
+
+Province::life_rating_t Province::get_life_rating() const {
+	return life_rating;
+}
+
+bool Province::add_building(Building&& building) {
+	return buildings.add_item(std::move(building));
+}
+
+void Province::reset_buildings() {
+	buildings.reset();
+}
+
+bool Province::expand_building(const std::string_view building_type_identifier) {
+	Building* building = buildings.get_item_by_identifier(building_type_identifier);
+	if (building == nullptr) return false;
+	return building->expand();
+}
+
+Good const* Province::get_rgo() const {
+	return rgo;
+}
+
+std::string Province::to_string() const {
+	std::stringstream stream;
+	stream << "(#" << std::to_string(index) << ", " << get_identifier() << ", 0x" << colour_to_hex_string() << ")";
+	return stream.str();
+}
+
+bool Province::load_pop_list(PopManager const& pop_manager, ast::NodeCPtr root) {
+	return expect_list_reserve_length(
+		pops,
+		[this, &pop_manager](ast::NodeCPtr pop_node) -> bool {
+			return pop_manager.load_pop_into_province(*this, pop_node);
+		}
+	)(root);
+}
+
+bool Province::add_pop(Pop&& pop) {
+	if (!is_water()) {
+		pops.push_back(std::move(pop));
+		return true;
+	} else {
+		Logger::error("Trying to add pop to water province ", get_identifier());
+		return false;
+	}
+}
+
+void Province::clear_pops() {
+	pops.clear();
+}
+
+size_t Province::get_pop_count() const {
+	return pops.size();
+}
+
+std::vector<Pop> const& Province::get_pops() const {
+	return pops;
+}
+
+Pop::pop_size_t Province::get_total_population() const {
+	return total_population;
+}
+
+distribution_t const& Province::get_pop_type_distribution() const {
+	return pop_types;
+}
+
+distribution_t const& Province::get_culture_distribution() const {
+	return cultures;
+}
+
+distribution_t const& Province::get_religion_distribution() const {
+	return religions;
+}
+
+/* REQUIREMENTS:
+ * MAP-65
+ */
+void Province::update_pops() {
+	total_population = 0;
+	pop_types.clear();
+	cultures.clear();
+	religions.clear();
+	for (Pop const& pop : pops) {
+		total_population += pop.get_size();
+		pop_types[&pop.get_type()] += pop.get_size();
+		cultures[&pop.get_culture()] += pop.get_size();
+		religions[&pop.get_religion()] += pop.get_size();
+	}
+}
+
+void Province::update_state(Date const& today) {
+	for (Building& building : buildings.get_items())
+		building.update_state(today);
+	update_pops();
+}
+
+void Province::tick(Date const& today) {
+	for (Building& building : buildings.get_items())
+		building.tick(today);
+}
diff --git a/src/openvic-simulation/map/Province.hpp b/src/openvic-simulation/map/Province.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..682fc16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/openvic-simulation/map/Province.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "openvic-simulation/map/Building.hpp"
+#include "openvic-simulation/pop/Pop.hpp"
+
+namespace OpenVic {
+	struct Map;
+	struct Region;
+	struct Good;
+
+	/* REQUIREMENTS:
+	 * MAP-5, MAP-7, MAP-8, MAP-43, MAP-47
+	 */
+	struct Province : HasIdentifierAndColour {
+		friend struct Map;
+
+		using index_t = uint16_t;
+		using life_rating_t = int8_t;
+
+		static constexpr index_t NULL_INDEX = 0, MAX_INDEX = (1 << (8 * sizeof(index_t))) - 1;
+
+	private:
+		const index_t index;
+		Region* region = nullptr;
+		bool water = false;
+		life_rating_t life_rating = 0;
+		IdentifierRegistry<Building> buildings;
+		// TODO - change this into a factory-like structure
+		Good const* rgo = nullptr;
+
+		std::vector<Pop> pops;
+		Pop::pop_size_t total_population;
+		distribution_t pop_types, cultures, religions;
+
+		Province(const std::string_view new_identifier, colour_t new_colour, index_t new_index);
+
+	public:
+		Province(Province&&) = default;
+
+		index_t get_index() const;
+		Region* get_region() const;
+		bool is_water() const;
+		life_rating_t get_life_rating() const;
+		bool add_building(Building&& building);
+		IDENTIFIER_REGISTRY_ACCESSORS(Building, building)
+		void reset_buildings();
+		bool expand_building(const std::string_view building_type_identifier);
+		Good const* get_rgo() const;
+		std::string to_string() const;
+
+		bool load_pop_list(PopManager const& pop_manager, ast::NodeCPtr root);
+		bool add_pop(Pop&& pop);
+		void clear_pops();
+		size_t get_pop_count() const;
+		std::vector<Pop> const& get_pops() const;
+		Pop::pop_size_t get_total_population() const;
+		distribution_t const& get_pop_type_distribution() const;
+		distribution_t const& get_culture_distribution() const;
+		distribution_t const& get_religion_distribution() const;
+		void update_pops();
+
+		void update_state(Date const& today);
+		void tick(Date const& today);
+	};
+}
diff --git a/src/openvic-simulation/map/Region.cpp b/src/openvic-simulation/map/Region.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..33092c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/openvic-simulation/map/Region.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+#include "Region.hpp"
+
+using namespace OpenVic;
+
+bool ProvinceSet::add_province(Province* province) {
+	if (locked) {
+		Logger::error("Cannot add province to province set - locked!");
+		return false;
+	}
+	if (province == nullptr) {
+		Logger::error("Cannot add province to province set - null province!");
+		return false;
+	}
+	if (contains_province(province)) {
+		Logger::error("Cannot add province ", province->get_identifier(), " to province set - already in the set!");
+		return false;
+	}
+	provinces.push_back(province);
+	return true;
+}
+
+void ProvinceSet::lock(bool log) {
+	if (locked) {
+		Logger::error("Failed to lock province set - already locked!");
+	} else {
+		locked = true;
+		if (log) Logger::info("Locked province set with ", size(), " provinces");
+	}
+}
+
+bool ProvinceSet::is_locked() const {
+	return locked;
+}
+
+void ProvinceSet::reset() {
+	provinces.clear();
+	locked = false;
+}
+
+bool ProvinceSet::empty() const {
+	return provinces.empty();
+}
+
+size_t ProvinceSet::size() const {
+	return provinces.size();
+}
+
+void ProvinceSet::reserve(size_t size) {
+	if (locked) {
+		Logger::error("Failed to reserve space for ", size, " items in province set - already locked!");
+	} else {
+		provinces.reserve(size);
+	}
+}
+
+bool ProvinceSet::contains_province(Province const* province) const {
+	return province && std::find(provinces.begin(), provinces.end(), province) != provinces.end();
+}
+
+std::vector<Province*> const& ProvinceSet::get_provinces() const {
+	return provinces;
+}
+
+Region::Region(const std::string_view new_identifier) : HasIdentifier { new_identifier } {}
+
+colour_t Region::get_colour() const {
+	if (provinces.empty()) return FULL_COLOUR << 16;
+	return provinces.front()->get_colour();
+}
diff --git a/src/openvic-simulation/map/Region.hpp b/src/openvic-simulation/map/Region.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2fccf06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/openvic-simulation/map/Region.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "openvic-simulation/map/Province.hpp"
+
+namespace OpenVic {
+
+	struct ProvinceSet {
+	protected:
+		std::vector<Province*> provinces;
+		bool locked = false;
+
+	public:
+		bool add_province(Province* province);
+		void lock(bool log = false);
+		bool is_locked() const;
+		void reset();
+		bool empty() const;
+		size_t size() const;
+		void reserve(size_t size);
+		bool contains_province(Province const* province) const;
+		std::vector<Province*> const& get_provinces() const;
+	};
+
+	/* REQUIREMENTS:
+	 * MAP-6, MAP-44, MAP-48
+	 */
+	struct Region : HasIdentifier, ProvinceSet {
+		friend struct Map;
+
+	private:
+		Region(const std::string_view new_identifier);
+
+	public:
+		Region(Region&&) = default;
+
+		colour_t get_colour() const;
+	};
+}
diff --git a/src/openvic-simulation/pop/Culture.cpp b/src/openvic-simulation/pop/Culture.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7b595fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/openvic-simulation/pop/Culture.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+#include "Culture.hpp"
+
+#include "openvic-simulation/dataloader/NodeTools.hpp"
+
+using namespace OpenVic;
+using namespace OpenVic::NodeTools;
+
+GraphicalCultureType::GraphicalCultureType(const std::string_view new_identifier) : HasIdentifier { new_identifier } {}
+
+CultureGroup::CultureGroup(const std::string_view new_identifier, const std::string_view new_leader,
+	GraphicalCultureType const& new_unit_graphical_culture_type, bool new_is_overseas)
+	: HasIdentifier { new_identifier }, leader { new_leader },
+	  unit_graphical_culture_type { new_unit_graphical_culture_type },
+	  is_overseas { new_is_overseas } {}
+
+
+std::string const& CultureGroup::get_leader() const {
+	return leader;
+}
+
+GraphicalCultureType const& CultureGroup::get_unit_graphical_culture_type() const {
+	return unit_graphical_culture_type;
+}
+
+bool CultureGroup::get_is_overseas() const {
+	return is_overseas;
+}
+
+Culture::Culture(const std::string_view new_identifier, colour_t new_colour, CultureGroup const& new_group,
+	std::vector<std::string> const& new_first_names, std::vector<std::string> const& new_last_names)
+	: HasIdentifierAndColour { new_identifier, new_colour, true },
+	  group { new_group },
+	  first_names { new_first_names },
+	  last_names { new_last_names } {}
+
+CultureGroup const& Culture::get_group() const {
+	return group;
+}
+
+std::vector<std::string> const& Culture::get_first_names() const {
+	return first_names;
+}
+
+std::vector<std::string> const& Culture::get_last_names() const {
+	return last_names;
+}
+
+CultureManager::CultureManager()
+	: graphical_culture_types { "graphical culture types" },
+	  culture_groups { "culture groups" },
+	  cultures { "cultures" } {}
+
+bool CultureManager::add_graphical_culture_type(const std::string_view identifier) {
+	if (identifier.empty()) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid culture group identifier - empty!");
+		return false;
+	}
+	return graphical_culture_types.add_item({ identifier });
+}
+
+bool CultureManager::add_culture_group(const std::string_view identifier, const std::string_view leader, GraphicalCultureType const* graphical_culture_type, bool is_overseas) {
+	if (!graphical_culture_types.is_locked()) {
+		Logger::error("Cannot register culture groups until graphical culture types are locked!");
+		return false;
+	}
+	if (identifier.empty()) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid culture group identifier - empty!");
+		return false;
+	}
+	if (leader.empty()) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid culture group leader - empty!");
+		return false;
+	}
+	if (graphical_culture_type == nullptr) {
+		Logger::error("Null graphical culture type for ", identifier);
+		return false;
+	}
+	return culture_groups.add_item({ identifier, leader, *graphical_culture_type, is_overseas });
+}
+
+bool CultureManager::add_culture(const std::string_view identifier, colour_t colour, CultureGroup const* group, std::vector<std::string> const& first_names, std::vector<std::string> const& last_names) {
+	if (!culture_groups.is_locked()) {
+		Logger::error("Cannot register cultures until culture groups are locked!");
+		return false;
+	}
+	if (identifier.empty()) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid culture identifier - empty!");
+		return false;
+	}
+	if (group == nullptr) {
+		Logger::error("Null culture group for ", identifier);
+		return false;
+	}
+	if (colour > MAX_COLOUR_RGB) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid culture colour for ", identifier, ": ", colour_to_hex_string(colour));
+		return false;
+	}
+	return cultures.add_item({ identifier, colour, *group, first_names, last_names });
+}
+
+bool CultureManager::load_graphical_culture_type_file(ast::NodeCPtr root) {
+	const bool ret = expect_list_reserve_length(
+		graphical_culture_types,
+		expect_identifier(
+			std::bind(&CultureManager::add_graphical_culture_type, this, std::placeholders::_1)
+		)
+	)(root);
+	lock_graphical_culture_types();
+	return ret;
+}
+
+bool CultureManager::_load_culture_group(size_t& total_expected_cultures,
+	GraphicalCultureType const* default_unit_graphical_culture_type,
+	const std::string_view culture_group_key, ast::NodeCPtr culture_group_node) {
+
+	std::string_view leader;
+	GraphicalCultureType const* unit_graphical_culture_type = default_unit_graphical_culture_type;
+	bool is_overseas = true;
+
+	bool ret = expect_dictionary_keys_and_length(
+		[&total_expected_cultures](size_t size) -> size_t {
+			total_expected_cultures += size;
+			return size;
+		},
+		ALLOW_OTHER_KEYS,
+		"leader", ONE_EXACTLY, [&total_expected_cultures, &leader](ast::NodeCPtr node) -> bool {
+			total_expected_cultures--;
+			return expect_identifier(assign_variable_callback(leader))(node);
+		},
+		"unit", ZERO_OR_ONE, [this, &total_expected_cultures, &unit_graphical_culture_type](ast::NodeCPtr node) -> bool {
+			total_expected_cultures--;
+			return expect_graphical_culture_type(unit_graphical_culture_type)(node);
+		},
+		"union", ZERO_OR_ONE, [&total_expected_cultures](ast::NodeCPtr) -> bool {
+			total_expected_cultures--;
+			return true;
+		},
+		"is_overseas", ZERO_OR_ONE, [&total_expected_cultures, &is_overseas](ast::NodeCPtr node) -> bool {
+			total_expected_cultures--;
+			return expect_bool(assign_variable_callback(is_overseas))(node);
+		}
+	)(culture_group_node);
+	ret &= add_culture_group(culture_group_key, leader, unit_graphical_culture_type, is_overseas);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+bool CultureManager::_load_culture(CultureGroup const* culture_group,
+	const std::string_view culture_key, ast::NodeCPtr culture_node) {
+
+	colour_t colour = NULL_COLOUR;
+	std::vector<std::string> first_names, last_names;
+
+	bool ret = expect_dictionary_keys(
+		"color", ONE_EXACTLY, expect_colour(assign_variable_callback(colour)),
+		"first_names", ONE_EXACTLY, name_list_callback(first_names),
+		"last_names", ONE_EXACTLY, name_list_callback(last_names),
+		"radicalism", ZERO_OR_ONE, success_callback,
+		"primary", ZERO_OR_ONE, success_callback
+	)(culture_node);
+	ret &= add_culture(culture_key, colour, culture_group, first_names, last_names);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+bool CultureManager::load_culture_file(ast::NodeCPtr root) {
+	if (!graphical_culture_types.is_locked()) {
+		Logger::error("Cannot load culture groups until graphical culture types are locked!");
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	static const std::string default_unit_graphical_culture_type_identifier = "Generic";
+	GraphicalCultureType const* const default_unit_graphical_culture_type = get_graphical_culture_type_by_identifier(default_unit_graphical_culture_type_identifier);
+	if (default_unit_graphical_culture_type == nullptr) {
+		Logger::error("Failed to find default unit graphical culture type: ", default_unit_graphical_culture_type_identifier);
+	}
+
+	size_t total_expected_cultures = 0;
+	bool ret = expect_dictionary_reserve_length(
+		culture_groups,
+		[this, default_unit_graphical_culture_type, &total_expected_cultures](std::string_view key, ast::NodeCPtr value) -> bool {
+			return _load_culture_group(total_expected_cultures, default_unit_graphical_culture_type, key, value);
+		}
+	)(root);
+	lock_culture_groups();
+	cultures.reserve(cultures.size() + total_expected_cultures);
+
+	ret &= expect_dictionary(
+		[this](std::string_view culture_group_key, ast::NodeCPtr culture_group_value) -> bool {
+			CultureGroup const* culture_group = get_culture_group_by_identifier(culture_group_key);
+			return expect_dictionary(
+				[this, culture_group](std::string_view key, ast::NodeCPtr value) -> bool {
+					if (key == "leader" || key == "unit" || key == "union" || key == "is_overseas") return true;
+					return _load_culture(culture_group, key, value);
+				}
+			)(culture_group_value);
+		}
+	)(root);
+	lock_cultures();
+	return ret;
+}
diff --git a/src/openvic-simulation/pop/Culture.hpp b/src/openvic-simulation/pop/Culture.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d27c7c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/openvic-simulation/pop/Culture.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "openvic-simulation/types/IdentifierRegistry.hpp"
+
+namespace OpenVic {
+
+	struct CultureManager;
+
+	struct GraphicalCultureType : HasIdentifier {
+		friend struct CultureManager;
+
+	private:
+		GraphicalCultureType(const std::string_view new_identifier);
+
+	public:
+		GraphicalCultureType(GraphicalCultureType&&) = default;
+	};
+
+	struct CultureGroup : HasIdentifier {
+		friend struct CultureManager;
+
+	private:
+		const std::string leader;
+		GraphicalCultureType const& unit_graphical_culture_type;
+		const bool is_overseas;
+
+		// TODO - union tag
+
+		CultureGroup(const std::string_view new_identifier, const std::string_view new_leader, GraphicalCultureType const& new_unit_graphical_culture_type, bool new_is_overseas);
+
+	public:
+		CultureGroup(CultureGroup&&) = default;
+
+		std::string const& get_leader() const;
+		GraphicalCultureType const& get_unit_graphical_culture_type() const;
+		bool get_is_overseas() const;
+	};
+
+	struct Culture : HasIdentifierAndColour {
+		friend struct CultureManager;
+
+	private:
+		CultureGroup const& group;
+		const std::vector<std::string> first_names, last_names;
+
+		// TODO - radicalism, primary tag
+
+		Culture(const std::string_view new_identifier, colour_t new_colour, CultureGroup const& new_group, std::vector<std::string> const& new_first_names, std::vector<std::string> const& new_last_names);
+
+	public:
+		Culture(Culture&&) = default;
+
+		CultureGroup const& get_group() const;
+		std::vector<std::string> const& get_first_names() const;
+		std::vector<std::string> const& get_last_names() const;
+	};
+
+	struct CultureManager {
+	private:
+		IdentifierRegistry<GraphicalCultureType> graphical_culture_types;
+		IdentifierRegistry<CultureGroup> culture_groups;
+		IdentifierRegistry<Culture> cultures;
+
+		bool _load_culture_group(size_t& total_expected_cultures, GraphicalCultureType const* default_unit_graphical_culture_type,
+			const std::string_view culture_group_key, ast::NodeCPtr culture_group_node);
+		bool _load_culture(CultureGroup const* culture_group, const std::string_view culture_key, ast::NodeCPtr node);
+
+	public:
+		CultureManager();
+
+		bool add_graphical_culture_type(const std::string_view identifier);
+		IDENTIFIER_REGISTRY_ACCESSORS(GraphicalCultureType, graphical_culture_type)
+
+		bool add_culture_group(const std::string_view identifier, const std::string_view leader, GraphicalCultureType const* new_graphical_culture_type, bool is_overseas);
+		IDENTIFIER_REGISTRY_ACCESSORS(CultureGroup, culture_group)
+
+		bool add_culture(const std::string_view identifier, colour_t colour, CultureGroup const* group, std::vector<std::string> const& first_names, std::vector<std::string> const& last_names);
+		IDENTIFIER_REGISTRY_ACCESSORS(Culture, culture)
+
+		bool load_graphical_culture_type_file(ast::NodeCPtr root);
+		bool load_culture_file(ast::NodeCPtr root);
+	};
+}
diff --git a/src/openvic-simulation/pop/Pop.cpp b/src/openvic-simulation/pop/Pop.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7b4dd60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/openvic-simulation/pop/Pop.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+#include "Pop.hpp"
+
+#include <cassert>
+
+#include "openvic-simulation/dataloader/NodeTools.hpp"
+#include "openvic-simulation/map/Province.hpp"
+#include "openvic-simulation/utility/Logger.hpp"
+
+using namespace OpenVic;
+using namespace OpenVic::NodeTools;
+
+Pop::Pop(PopType const& new_type, Culture const& new_culture, Religion const& new_religion, pop_size_t new_size)
+	: type { new_type },
+	  culture { new_culture },
+	  religion { new_religion },
+	  size { new_size } {
+	assert(size > 0);
+}
+
+PopType const& Pop::get_type() const {
+	return type;
+}
+
+Culture const& Pop::get_culture() const {
+	return culture;
+}
+
+Religion const& Pop::get_religion() const {
+	return religion;
+}
+
+Pop::pop_size_t Pop::get_size() const {
+	return size;
+}
+
+Pop::pop_size_t Pop::get_num_promoted() const {
+	return num_promoted;
+}
+
+Pop::pop_size_t Pop::get_num_demoted() const {
+	return num_demoted;
+}
+
+Pop::pop_size_t Pop::get_num_migrated() const {
+	return num_migrated;
+}
+
+Pop::pop_size_t Pop::get_pop_daily_change() const {
+	return Pop::get_num_promoted() - (Pop::get_num_demoted() + Pop::get_num_migrated());
+}
+
+PopType::PopType(const std::string_view new_identifier, colour_t new_colour,
+	strata_t new_strata, sprite_t new_sprite,
+	Pop::pop_size_t new_max_size, Pop::pop_size_t new_merge_max_size,
+	bool new_state_capital_only, bool new_demote_migrant, bool new_is_artisan, bool new_is_slave)
+	: HasIdentifierAndColour { new_identifier, new_colour, true },
+	  strata { new_strata },
+	  sprite { new_sprite },
+	  max_size { new_max_size },
+	  merge_max_size { new_merge_max_size },
+	  state_capital_only { new_state_capital_only },
+	  demote_migrant { new_demote_migrant },
+	  is_artisan { new_is_artisan },
+	  is_slave { new_is_slave } {
+	assert(sprite > 0);
+	assert(max_size > 0);
+	assert(merge_max_size > 0);
+}
+
+PopType::sprite_t PopType::get_sprite() const {
+	return sprite;
+}
+
+PopType::strata_t PopType::get_strata() const {
+	return strata;
+}
+
+Pop::pop_size_t PopType::get_max_size() const {
+	return max_size;
+}
+
+Pop::pop_size_t PopType::get_merge_max_size() const {
+	return merge_max_size;
+}
+
+bool PopType::get_state_capital_only() const {
+	return state_capital_only;
+}
+
+bool PopType::get_demote_migrant() const {
+	return demote_migrant;
+}
+
+bool PopType::get_is_artisan() const {
+	return is_artisan;
+}
+
+bool PopType::get_is_slave() const {
+	return is_slave;
+}
+
+PopManager::PopManager() : pop_types { "pop types" } {}
+
+bool PopManager::add_pop_type(const std::string_view identifier, colour_t colour, PopType::strata_t strata, PopType::sprite_t sprite,
+	Pop::pop_size_t max_size, Pop::pop_size_t merge_max_size, bool state_capital_only, bool demote_migrant, bool is_artisan, bool is_slave) {
+	if (identifier.empty()) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid pop type identifier - empty!");
+		return false;
+	}
+	if (colour > MAX_COLOUR_RGB) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid pop type colour for ", identifier, ": ", colour_to_hex_string(colour));
+		return false;
+	}
+	if (sprite <= 0) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid pop type sprite index for ", identifier, ": ", sprite);
+		return false;
+	}
+	if (max_size <= 0) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid pop type max size for ", identifier, ": ", max_size);
+		return false;
+	}
+	if (merge_max_size <= 0) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid pop type merge max size for ", identifier, ": ", merge_max_size);
+		return false;
+	}
+	return pop_types.add_item({ identifier, colour, strata, sprite, max_size, merge_max_size, state_capital_only, demote_migrant, is_artisan, is_slave });
+}
+
+bool PopManager::load_pop_type_file(std::filesystem::path const& path, ast::NodeCPtr root) {
+
+	// TODO - pop type loading
+
+	if (pop_types.empty())
+		return add_pop_type("test_pop_type", 0xFF0000, PopType::strata_t::POOR, 1, 1, 1, false, false, false, false);
+	return true;
+}
+
+bool PopManager::load_pop_into_province(Province& province, ast::NodeCPtr root) const {
+	static PopType const* type = get_pop_type_by_identifier("test_pop_type");
+	Culture const* culture = nullptr;
+	Religion const* religion = nullptr;
+	Pop::pop_size_t size = 0;
+
+	bool ret = expect_assign(
+		[this, &culture, &religion, &size](std::string_view, ast::NodeCPtr pop_node) -> bool {
+			return expect_dictionary_keys(
+				"culture", ONE_EXACTLY, culture_manager.expect_culture(culture),
+				"religion", ONE_EXACTLY, religion_manager.expect_religion(religion),
+				"size", ONE_EXACTLY, expect_uint(assign_variable_callback_uint("pop size", size)),
+				"militancy", ZERO_OR_ONE, success_callback,
+				"rebel_type", ZERO_OR_ONE, success_callback
+			)(pop_node);
+		}
+	)(root);
+
+	if (type != nullptr && culture != nullptr && religion != nullptr && size > 0) {
+		ret &= province.add_pop({ *type, *culture, *religion, size });
+	} else {
+		Logger::error("Some pop arguments are invalid: type = ", type, ", culture = ", culture, ", religion = ", religion, ", size = ", size);
+		ret = false;
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
diff --git a/src/openvic-simulation/pop/Pop.hpp b/src/openvic-simulation/pop/Pop.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3c635a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/openvic-simulation/pop/Pop.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <filesystem>
+
+#include "openvic-simulation/pop/Culture.hpp"
+#include "openvic-simulation/pop/Religion.hpp"
+
+namespace OpenVic {
+
+	struct PopManager;
+	struct PopType;
+
+	/* REQUIREMENTS:
+	 * POP-18, POP-19, POP-20, POP-21
+	 */
+	struct Pop {
+		friend struct PopManager;
+
+		using pop_size_t = int64_t;
+
+	private:
+		PopType const& type;
+		Culture const& culture;
+		Religion const& religion;
+		pop_size_t size, num_promoted, num_demoted, num_migrated;
+
+		Pop(PopType const& new_type, Culture const& new_culture, Religion const& new_religion, pop_size_t new_size);
+
+	public:
+		Pop(Pop const&) = delete;
+		Pop(Pop&&) = default;
+		Pop& operator=(Pop const&) = delete;
+		Pop& operator=(Pop&&) = delete;
+
+		PopType const& get_type() const;
+		Culture const& get_culture() const;
+		Religion const& get_religion() const;
+		pop_size_t get_size() const;
+		pop_size_t get_num_promoted() const;
+		pop_size_t get_num_demoted() const;
+		pop_size_t get_num_migrated() const;
+		pop_size_t get_pop_daily_change() const;
+	};
+
+	/* REQUIREMENTS:
+	 * POP-26
+	 */
+	struct PopType : HasIdentifierAndColour {
+		friend struct PopManager;
+
+		using sprite_t = uint8_t;
+
+	private:
+		const enum class strata_t {
+			POOR,
+			MIDDLE,
+			RICH
+		} strata;
+		const sprite_t sprite;
+		const Pop::pop_size_t max_size, merge_max_size;
+		const bool state_capital_only, demote_migrant, is_artisan, is_slave;
+
+		// TODO - rebel composition, life/everyday/luxury needs, country and province migration targets, promote_to targets, ideologies and issues
+
+		PopType(const std::string_view new_identifier, colour_t new_colour, strata_t new_strata, sprite_t new_sprite, Pop::pop_size_t new_max_size, Pop::pop_size_t new_merge_max_size,
+			bool new_state_capital_only, bool new_demote_migrant, bool new_is_artisan, bool new_is_slave);
+
+	public:
+		PopType(PopType&&) = default;
+
+		strata_t get_strata() const;
+		sprite_t get_sprite() const;
+		Pop::pop_size_t get_max_size() const;
+		Pop::pop_size_t get_merge_max_size() const;
+		bool get_state_capital_only() const;
+		bool get_demote_migrant() const;
+		bool get_is_artisan() const;
+		bool get_is_slave() const;
+	};
+
+	struct Province;
+
+	struct PopManager {
+	private:
+		IdentifierRegistry<PopType> pop_types;
+
+	public:
+		CultureManager culture_manager;
+		ReligionManager religion_manager;
+
+		PopManager();
+
+		bool add_pop_type(const std::string_view identifier, colour_t new_colour, PopType::strata_t strata, PopType::sprite_t sprite,
+			Pop::pop_size_t max_size, Pop::pop_size_t merge_max_size, bool state_capital_only, bool demote_migrant,
+			bool is_artisan, bool is_slave);
+		IDENTIFIER_REGISTRY_ACCESSORS(PopType, pop_type)
+
+		bool load_pop_type_file(std::filesystem::path const& path, ast::NodeCPtr root);
+		bool load_pop_into_province(Province& province, ast::NodeCPtr root) const;
+	};
+}
diff --git a/src/openvic-simulation/pop/Religion.cpp b/src/openvic-simulation/pop/Religion.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b336ae1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/openvic-simulation/pop/Religion.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+#include "Religion.hpp"
+
+#include <cassert>
+
+using namespace OpenVic;
+using namespace OpenVic::NodeTools;
+
+ReligionGroup::ReligionGroup(const std::string_view new_identifier) : HasIdentifier { new_identifier } {}
+
+Religion::Religion(const std::string_view new_identifier, colour_t new_colour,
+	ReligionGroup const& new_group, icon_t new_icon, bool new_pagan)
+	: HasIdentifierAndColour { new_identifier, new_colour, true },
+	  group { new_group },
+	  icon { new_icon },
+	  pagan { new_pagan } {
+	assert(icon > 0);
+}
+
+ReligionGroup const& Religion::get_group() const {
+	return group;
+}
+
+Religion::icon_t Religion::get_icon() const {
+	return icon;
+}
+
+bool Religion::get_pagan() const {
+	return pagan;
+}
+
+ReligionManager::ReligionManager()
+	: religion_groups { "religion groups" },
+	  religions { "religions" } {}
+
+bool ReligionManager::add_religion_group(const std::string_view identifier) {
+	if (identifier.empty()) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid religion group identifier - empty!");
+		return false;
+	}
+	return religion_groups.add_item({ identifier });
+}
+
+bool ReligionManager::add_religion(const std::string_view identifier, colour_t colour, ReligionGroup const* group, Religion::icon_t icon, bool pagan) {
+	if (!religion_groups.is_locked()) {
+		Logger::error("Cannot register religions until religion groups are locked!");
+		return false;
+	}
+	if (identifier.empty()) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid religion identifier - empty!");
+		return false;
+	}
+	if (group == nullptr) {
+		Logger::error("Null religion group for ", identifier);
+		return false;
+	}
+	if (colour > MAX_COLOUR_RGB) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid religion colour for ", identifier, ": ", colour_to_hex_string(colour));
+		return false;
+	}
+	if (icon <= 0) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid religion icon for ", identifier, ": ", icon);
+		return false;
+	}
+	return religions.add_item({ identifier, colour, *group, icon, pagan });
+}
+
+bool ReligionManager::load_religion_file(ast::NodeCPtr root) {
+
+	size_t total_expected_religions = 0;
+	bool ret = expect_dictionary_reserve_length(
+		religion_groups,
+		[this, &total_expected_religions](std::string_view key, ast::NodeCPtr value) -> bool {
+			bool ret = expect_list_and_length(
+				[&total_expected_religions](size_t size) -> size_t {
+					total_expected_religions += size;
+					return 0;
+				},
+				success_callback
+			)(value);
+			ret &= add_religion_group(key);
+			return ret;
+		}
+	)(root);
+	lock_religion_groups();
+	religions.reserve(religions.size() + total_expected_religions);
+	ret &= expect_dictionary(
+		[this](std::string_view religion_group_key, ast::NodeCPtr religion_group_value) -> bool {
+
+			ReligionGroup const* religion_group = get_religion_group_by_identifier(religion_group_key);
+
+			return expect_dictionary(
+				[this, religion_group](std::string_view key, ast::NodeCPtr value) -> bool {
+					colour_t colour = NULL_COLOUR;
+					Religion::icon_t icon = 0;
+					bool pagan = false;
+
+					bool ret = expect_dictionary_keys(
+						"icon", ONE_EXACTLY, expect_uint(assign_variable_callback_uint("religion icon", icon)),
+						"color", ONE_EXACTLY, expect_colour(assign_variable_callback(colour)),
+						"pagan", ZERO_OR_ONE, expect_bool(assign_variable_callback(pagan))
+					)(value);
+					ret &= add_religion(key, colour, religion_group, icon, pagan);
+					return ret;
+				}
+			)(religion_group_value);
+		}
+	)(root);
+	lock_religions();
+	return ret;
+}
diff --git a/src/openvic-simulation/pop/Religion.hpp b/src/openvic-simulation/pop/Religion.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bd65321
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/openvic-simulation/pop/Religion.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "openvic-simulation/types/IdentifierRegistry.hpp"
+#include "openvic-simulation/dataloader/NodeTools.hpp"
+
+namespace OpenVic {
+
+	struct ReligionManager;
+
+	struct ReligionGroup : HasIdentifier {
+		friend struct ReligionManager;
+
+	private:
+		ReligionGroup(const std::string_view new_identifier);
+
+	public:
+		ReligionGroup(ReligionGroup&&) = default;
+	};
+
+	struct Religion : HasIdentifierAndColour {
+		friend struct ReligionManager;
+
+		using icon_t = uint8_t;
+
+	private:
+		ReligionGroup const& group;
+		const icon_t icon;
+		const bool pagan;
+
+		Religion(const std::string_view new_identifier, colour_t new_colour, ReligionGroup const& new_group, icon_t new_icon, bool new_pagan);
+
+	public:
+		Religion(Religion&&) = default;
+
+		ReligionGroup const& get_group() const;
+		icon_t get_icon() const;
+		bool get_pagan() const;
+	};
+
+	struct ReligionManager {
+	private:
+		IdentifierRegistry<ReligionGroup> religion_groups;
+		IdentifierRegistry<Religion> religions;
+
+	public:
+		ReligionManager();
+
+		bool add_religion_group(const std::string_view identifier);
+		IDENTIFIER_REGISTRY_ACCESSORS(ReligionGroup, religion_group)
+
+		bool add_religion(const std::string_view identifier, colour_t colour, ReligionGroup const* group, Religion::icon_t icon, bool pagan);
+		IDENTIFIER_REGISTRY_ACCESSORS(Religion, religion)
+
+		bool load_religion_file(ast::NodeCPtr root);
+	};
+}
diff --git a/src/openvic-simulation/types/Colour.hpp b/src/openvic-simulation/types/Colour.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..01f3852
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/openvic-simulation/types/Colour.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <iomanip>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string>
+
+namespace OpenVic {
+	// Represents a 24-bit RGB integer OR a 32-bit ARGB integer
+	using colour_t = uint32_t;
+	/* When colour_t is used as an identifier, NULL_COLOUR is disallowed
+	 * and should be reserved as an error value.
+	 * When colour_t is used in a purely graphical context, NULL_COLOUR
+	 * should be allowed.
+	 */
+	static constexpr colour_t NULL_COLOUR = 0, FULL_COLOUR = 0xFF, MAX_COLOUR_RGB = 0xFFFFFF;
+	constexpr colour_t float_to_colour_byte(float f, float min = 0.0f, float max = 1.0f) {
+		return static_cast<colour_t>(std::clamp(min + f * (max - min), min, max) * 255.0f);
+	}
+	constexpr colour_t fraction_to_colour_byte(int n, int d, float min = 0.0f, float max = 1.0f) {
+		return float_to_colour_byte(static_cast<float>(n) / static_cast<float>(d), min, max);
+	}
+	constexpr colour_t float_to_alpha_value(float a) {
+		return float_to_colour_byte(a) << 24;
+	}
+	constexpr float colour_byte_to_float(colour_t colour) {
+		return std::clamp(static_cast<float>(colour) / 255.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
+	}
+
+	inline std::string colour_to_hex_string(colour_t colour) {
+		std::ostringstream stream;
+		stream << std::hex << std::setfill('0') << std::setw(6) << colour;
+		return stream.str();
+	}
+}
diff --git a/src/openvic-simulation/types/Date.cpp b/src/openvic-simulation/types/Date.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3449591
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/openvic-simulation/types/Date.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,262 @@
+#include "Date.hpp"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cctype>
+#include <charconv>
+
+#include "openvic-simulation/utility/Logger.hpp"
+#include "openvic-simulation/utility/StringUtils.hpp"
+
+using namespace OpenVic;
+
+Timespan::Timespan(day_t value) : days { value } {}
+
+bool Timespan::operator<(Timespan other) const { return days < other.days; };
+bool Timespan::operator>(Timespan other) const { return days > other.days; };
+bool Timespan::operator<=(Timespan other) const { return days <= other.days; };
+bool Timespan::operator>=(Timespan other) const { return days >= other.days; };
+bool Timespan::operator==(Timespan other) const { return days == other.days; };
+bool Timespan::operator!=(Timespan other) const { return days != other.days; };
+
+Timespan Timespan::operator+(Timespan other) const { return days + other.days; }
+
+Timespan Timespan::operator-(Timespan other) const { return days - other.days; }
+
+Timespan Timespan::operator*(day_t factor) const { return days * factor; }
+
+Timespan Timespan::operator/(day_t factor) const { return days / factor; }
+
+Timespan& Timespan::operator+=(Timespan other) {
+	days += other.days;
+	return *this;
+}
+
+Timespan& Timespan::operator-=(Timespan other) {
+	days -= other.days;
+	return *this;
+}
+
+Timespan& Timespan::operator++() {
+	days++;
+	return *this;
+}
+
+Timespan Timespan::operator++(int) {
+	Timespan old = *this;
+	++(*this);
+	return old;
+}
+
+Timespan::operator day_t() const {
+	return days;
+}
+
+Timespan::operator double() const {
+	return days;
+}
+
+std::string Timespan::to_string() const {
+	return std::to_string(days);
+}
+
+Timespan::operator std::string() const {
+	return to_string();
+}
+
+std::ostream& OpenVic::operator<<(std::ostream& out, Timespan const& timespan) {
+	return out << timespan.to_string();
+}
+
+Timespan Date::_dateToTimespan(year_t year, month_t month, day_t day) {
+	month = std::clamp<month_t>(month, 1, MONTHS_IN_YEAR);
+	day = std::clamp<day_t>(day, 1, DAYS_IN_MONTH[month - 1]);
+	return year * DAYS_IN_YEAR + DAYS_UP_TO_MONTH[month - 1] + day - 1;
+}
+
+Timespan::day_t const* Date::DAYS_UP_TO_MONTH = generate_days_up_to_month();
+
+Timespan::day_t const* Date::generate_days_up_to_month() {
+	static Timespan::day_t days_up_to_month[MONTHS_IN_YEAR];
+	Timespan::day_t days = 0;
+	for (int month = 0; month < MONTHS_IN_YEAR;
+		days_up_to_month[month] = days, days += DAYS_IN_MONTH[month++]);
+	assert(days == DAYS_IN_YEAR);
+	return days_up_to_month;
+}
+
+Date::month_t const* Date::MONTH_FROM_DAY_IN_YEAR = generate_month_from_day_in_year();
+
+Date::month_t const* Date::generate_month_from_day_in_year() {
+	static month_t month_from_day_in_year[DAYS_IN_YEAR];
+	Timespan::day_t days_left = 0;
+	for (int day = 0, month = 0; day < DAYS_IN_YEAR;
+		days_left = (days_left > 0 ? days_left : DAYS_IN_MONTH[month++]) - 1,
+		month_from_day_in_year[day++] = month);
+	assert(days_left == 0);
+	assert(month_from_day_in_year[DAYS_IN_YEAR - 1] == MONTHS_IN_YEAR);
+	return month_from_day_in_year;
+}
+
+Date::Date(Timespan total_days) : timespan { total_days } {
+	if (timespan < 0) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid timespan for date: ", timespan, " (cannot be negative)");
+		timespan = 0;
+	}
+}
+
+Date::Date(year_t year, month_t month, day_t day) : timespan { _dateToTimespan(year, month, day) } {}
+
+Date::year_t Date::getYear() const {
+	return static_cast<Timespan::day_t>(timespan) / DAYS_IN_YEAR;
+}
+
+Date::month_t Date::getMonth() const {
+	return MONTH_FROM_DAY_IN_YEAR[static_cast<Timespan::day_t>(timespan) % DAYS_IN_YEAR];
+}
+
+Date::day_t Date::getDay() const {
+	return (static_cast<Timespan::day_t>(timespan) % DAYS_IN_YEAR) - DAYS_UP_TO_MONTH[getMonth() - 1] + 1;
+}
+
+bool Date::operator<(Date other) const { return timespan < other.timespan; };
+bool Date::operator>(Date other) const { return timespan > other.timespan; };
+bool Date::operator<=(Date other) const { return timespan <= other.timespan; };
+bool Date::operator>=(Date other) const { return timespan >= other.timespan; };
+bool Date::operator==(Date other) const { return timespan == other.timespan; };
+bool Date::operator!=(Date other) const { return timespan != other.timespan; };
+
+Date Date::operator+(Timespan other) const { return timespan + other; }
+
+Timespan Date::operator-(Date other) const { return timespan - other.timespan; }
+
+Date& Date::operator+=(Timespan other) {
+	timespan += other;
+	return *this;
+}
+
+Date& Date::operator-=(Timespan other) {
+	timespan -= other;
+	return *this;
+}
+
+Date& Date::operator++() {
+	timespan++;
+	return *this;
+}
+
+Date Date::operator++(int) {
+	Date old = *this;
+	++(*this);
+	return old;
+}
+
+std::string Date::to_string() const {
+	std::stringstream ss;
+	ss << *this;
+	return ss.str();
+}
+
+Date::operator std::string() const {
+	return to_string();
+}
+
+std::ostream& OpenVic::operator<<(std::ostream& out, Date const& date) {
+	return out << static_cast<int>(date.getYear()) << Date::SEPARATOR_CHARACTER << static_cast<int>(date.getMonth()) << Date::SEPARATOR_CHARACTER << static_cast<int>(date.getDay());
+}
+
+// Parsed from string of the form YYYY.MM.DD
+Date Date::from_string(char const* const str, char const* const end, bool* successful) {
+	if (successful != nullptr) *successful = true;
+
+	year_t year = 0;
+	month_t month = 1;
+	day_t day = 1;
+
+	if (str == nullptr || end <= str) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid string start/end pointers: ", static_cast<void const*>(str), " - ", static_cast<void const*>(end));
+		if (successful != nullptr) *successful = false;
+		return { year, month, day };
+	}
+
+	char const* year_end = str;
+	while (std::isdigit(*year_end) && ++year_end < end);
+
+	if (year_end <= str) {
+		Logger::error("Failed to find year digits in date: ", std::string_view { str, static_cast<size_t>(end - str) });
+		if (successful != nullptr) *successful = false;
+		return { year, month, day };
+	}
+
+	bool sub_successful = false;
+	uint64_t val = StringUtils::string_to_uint64(str, year_end, &sub_successful, 10);
+	if (!sub_successful || val >= 1 << (8 * sizeof(year_t))) {
+		Logger::error("Failed to read year: ", std::string_view { str, static_cast<size_t>(end - str) });
+		if (successful != nullptr) *successful = false;
+		return { year, month, day };
+	}
+	year = val;
+	if (year_end < end) {
+		if (*year_end == SEPARATOR_CHARACTER) {
+			char const* const month_start = year_end + 1;
+			char const* month_end = month_start;
+			if (month_start < end) {
+				while (std::isdigit(*month_end) && ++month_end < end);
+			}
+			if (month_start >= month_end) {
+				Logger::error("Failed to find month digits in date: ", std::string_view { str, static_cast<size_t>(end - str) });
+				if (successful != nullptr) *successful = false;
+			} else {
+				sub_successful = false;
+				val = StringUtils::string_to_uint64(month_start, month_end, &sub_successful, 10);
+				if (!sub_successful || val < 1 || val > MONTHS_IN_YEAR) {
+					Logger::error("Failed to read month: ", std::string_view { str, static_cast<size_t>(end - str) });
+					if (successful != nullptr) *successful = false;
+				} else {
+					month = val;
+					if (month_end < end) {
+						if (*month_end == SEPARATOR_CHARACTER) {
+							char const* const day_start = month_end + 1;
+							char const* day_end = day_start;
+							if (day_start < end) {
+								while (std::isdigit(*day_end) && ++day_end < end);
+							}
+							if (day_start >= day_end) {
+								Logger::error("Failed to find day digits in date: ", std::string_view { str, static_cast<size_t>(end - str) });
+								if (successful != nullptr) *successful = false;
+							} else {
+								sub_successful = false;
+								val = StringUtils::string_to_uint64(day_start, day_end, &sub_successful);
+								if (!sub_successful || val < 1 || val > DAYS_IN_MONTH[month - 1]) {
+									Logger::error("Failed to read day: ", std::string_view { str, static_cast<size_t>(end - str) });
+									if (successful != nullptr) *successful = false;
+								} else {
+									day = val;
+									if (day_end < end) {
+										Logger::error("Unexpected string \"", std::string_view { day_end, static_cast<size_t>(end - day_end) }, "\" at the end of date ", std::string_view { str, static_cast<size_t>(end - str) });
+										if (successful != nullptr) *successful = false;
+									}
+								}
+							}
+						} else {
+							Logger::error("Unexpected character \"", *month_end, "\" in month of date ", std::string_view { str, static_cast<size_t>(end - str) });
+							if (successful != nullptr) *successful = false;
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		} else {
+			Logger::error("Unexpected character \"", *year_end, "\" in year of date ", std::string_view { str, static_cast<size_t>(end - str) });
+			if (successful != nullptr) *successful = false;
+		}
+	}
+	return { year, month, day };
+};
+
+Date Date::from_string(char const* str, size_t length, bool* successful) {
+	return from_string(str, str + length, successful);
+}
+
+Date Date::from_string(const std::string_view str, bool* successful) {
+	return from_string(str.data(), str.length(), successful);
+}
diff --git a/src/openvic-simulation/types/Date.hpp b/src/openvic-simulation/types/Date.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..601f9dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/openvic-simulation/types/Date.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <ostream>
+#include <string>
+
+namespace OpenVic {
+	// A relative period between points in time, measured in days
+	struct Timespan {
+		using day_t = int64_t;
+
+	private:
+		day_t days;
+
+	public:
+		Timespan(day_t value = 0);
+
+		bool operator<(Timespan other) const;
+		bool operator>(Timespan other) const;
+		bool operator<=(Timespan other) const;
+		bool operator>=(Timespan other) const;
+		bool operator==(Timespan other) const;
+		bool operator!=(Timespan other) const;
+
+		Timespan operator+(Timespan other) const;
+		Timespan operator-(Timespan other) const;
+		Timespan operator*(day_t factor) const;
+		Timespan operator/(day_t factor) const;
+		Timespan& operator+=(Timespan other);
+		Timespan& operator-=(Timespan other);
+		Timespan& operator++();
+		Timespan operator++(int);
+
+		explicit operator day_t() const;
+		explicit operator double() const;
+		std::string to_string() const;
+		explicit operator std::string() const;
+	};
+	std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, Timespan const& timespan);
+
+	// Represents an in-game date
+	// Note: Current implementation does not account for leap-years, or dates before Year 0
+	struct Date {
+		using year_t = uint16_t;
+		using month_t = uint8_t;
+		using day_t = uint8_t;
+
+		static constexpr Timespan::day_t MONTHS_IN_YEAR = 12;
+		static constexpr Timespan::day_t DAYS_IN_YEAR = 365;
+		static constexpr Timespan::day_t DAYS_IN_MONTH[MONTHS_IN_YEAR] { 31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31 };
+		static Timespan::day_t const* DAYS_UP_TO_MONTH;
+		static month_t const* MONTH_FROM_DAY_IN_YEAR;
+
+		static constexpr char SEPARATOR_CHARACTER = '.';
+
+	private:
+		// Number of days since Jan 1st, Year 0
+		Timespan timespan;
+
+		static Timespan _dateToTimespan(year_t year, month_t month, day_t day);
+		static Timespan::day_t const* generate_days_up_to_month();
+		static month_t const* generate_month_from_day_in_year();
+
+	public:
+		// The Timespan is considered to be the number of days since Jan 1st, Year 0
+		Date(Timespan total_days);
+		// Year month day specification
+		Date(year_t year = 0, month_t month = 1, day_t day = 1);
+
+		year_t getYear() const;
+		month_t getMonth() const;
+		day_t getDay() const;
+
+		bool operator<(Date other) const;
+		bool operator>(Date other) const;
+		bool operator<=(Date other) const;
+		bool operator>=(Date other) const;
+		bool operator==(Date other) const;
+		bool operator!=(Date other) const;
+
+		Date operator+(Timespan other) const;
+		Timespan operator-(Date other) const;
+		Date& operator+=(Timespan other);
+		Date& operator-=(Timespan other);
+		Date& operator++();
+		Date operator++(int);
+
+		std::string to_string() const;
+		explicit operator std::string() const;
+		// Parsed from string of the form YYYY.MM.DD
+		static Date from_string(char const* str, char const* end, bool* successful = nullptr);
+		static Date from_string(char const* str, size_t length, bool* successful = nullptr);
+		static Date from_string(const std::string_view str, bool* successful = nullptr);
+	};
+	std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, Date const& date);
+}
diff --git a/src/openvic-simulation/types/IdentifierRegistry.cpp b/src/openvic-simulation/types/IdentifierRegistry.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6d5221b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/openvic-simulation/types/IdentifierRegistry.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+#include "IdentifierRegistry.hpp"
+
+#include <cassert>
+
+using namespace OpenVic;
+
+HasIdentifier::HasIdentifier(const std::string_view new_identifier)
+	: identifier { new_identifier } {
+	assert(!identifier.empty());
+}
+
+std::string const& HasIdentifier::get_identifier() const {
+	return identifier;
+}
+
+HasColour::HasColour(colour_t const new_colour, bool can_be_null) : colour(new_colour) {
+	assert((can_be_null || colour != NULL_COLOUR) && colour <= MAX_COLOUR_RGB);
+}
+
+colour_t HasColour::get_colour() const { return colour; }
+
+std::string HasColour::colour_to_hex_string() const {
+	return OpenVic::colour_to_hex_string(colour);
+}
+
+HasIdentifierAndColour::HasIdentifierAndColour(const std::string_view new_identifier,
+	const colour_t new_colour, bool can_be_null)
+	: HasIdentifier { new_identifier },
+	  HasColour { new_colour, can_be_null } {}
+
+distribution_t::value_type OpenVic::get_largest_item(distribution_t const& dist) {
+	const distribution_t::const_iterator result = std::max_element(dist.begin(), dist.end(),
+		[](distribution_t::value_type a, distribution_t::value_type b) -> bool {
+			return a.second < b.second;
+		});
+	return result != dist.end() ? *result : distribution_t::value_type { nullptr, -1.0f };
+}
diff --git a/src/openvic-simulation/types/IdentifierRegistry.hpp b/src/openvic-simulation/types/IdentifierRegistry.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..494ff3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/openvic-simulation/types/IdentifierRegistry.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <map>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "openvic-simulation/dataloader/NodeTools.hpp"
+#include "openvic-simulation/utility/Logger.hpp"
+
+namespace OpenVic {
+	/*
+	 * Base class for objects with a non-empty string identifier,
+	 * uniquely named instances of which can be entered into an
+	 * IdentifierRegistry instance.
+	 */
+	class HasIdentifier {
+		const std::string identifier;
+
+	protected:
+		HasIdentifier(const std::string_view new_identifier);
+
+	public:
+		HasIdentifier(HasIdentifier const&) = delete;
+		HasIdentifier(HasIdentifier&&) = default;
+		HasIdentifier& operator=(HasIdentifier const&) = delete;
+		HasIdentifier& operator=(HasIdentifier&&) = delete;
+
+		std::string const& get_identifier() const;
+	};
+
+	/*
+	 * Base class for objects with associated colour information.
+	 */
+	class HasColour {
+		const colour_t colour;
+
+	protected:
+		HasColour(const colour_t new_colour, bool can_be_null);
+
+	public:
+		HasColour(HasColour const&) = delete;
+		HasColour(HasColour&&) = default;
+		HasColour& operator=(HasColour const&) = delete;
+		HasColour& operator=(HasColour&&) = delete;
+
+		colour_t get_colour() const;
+		std::string colour_to_hex_string() const;
+	};
+
+	/*
+	 * Base class for objects with a unique string identifier
+	 * and associated colour information.
+	 */
+	class HasIdentifierAndColour : public HasIdentifier, public HasColour {
+	protected:
+		HasIdentifierAndColour(const std::string_view new_identifier, const colour_t new_colour, bool can_be_null);
+
+	public:
+		HasIdentifierAndColour(HasIdentifierAndColour const&) = delete;
+		HasIdentifierAndColour(HasIdentifierAndColour&&) = default;
+		HasIdentifierAndColour& operator=(HasIdentifierAndColour const&) = delete;
+		HasIdentifierAndColour& operator=(HasIdentifierAndColour&&) = delete;
+	};
+
+	using distribution_t = std::map<HasIdentifierAndColour const*, float>;
+
+	distribution_t::value_type get_largest_item(distribution_t const& dist);
+
+	/*
+	 * Template for a list of objects with unique string identifiers that can
+	 * be locked to prevent any further additions. The template argument T is
+	 * the type of object that the registry will store, and the second part ensures
+	 * that HasIdentifier is a base class of T.
+	 */
+	template<typename T>
+	requires(std::derived_from<T, HasIdentifier>)
+	class IdentifierRegistry {
+		using identifier_index_map_t = std::map<std::string, size_t, std::less<void>>;
+
+		const std::string name;
+		const bool log_lock;
+		std::vector<T> items;
+		bool locked = false;
+		identifier_index_map_t identifier_index_map;
+
+	public:
+		IdentifierRegistry(const std::string_view new_name, bool new_log_lock = true)
+			: name { new_name }, log_lock { new_log_lock } {}
+
+		std::string const& get_name() const {
+			return name;
+		}
+
+		bool add_item(T&& item) {
+			if (locked) {
+				Logger::error("Cannot add item to the ", name, " registry - locked!");
+				return false;
+			}
+			T const* old_item = get_item_by_identifier(item.get_identifier());
+			if (old_item != nullptr) {
+				Logger::error("Cannot add item to the ", name, " registry - an item with the identifier \"", item.get_identifier(), "\" already exists!");
+				return false;
+			}
+			identifier_index_map[item.get_identifier()] = items.size();
+			items.push_back(std::move(item));
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		void lock() {
+			if (locked) {
+				Logger::error("Failed to lock ", name, " registry - already locked!");
+			} else {
+				locked = true;
+				if (log_lock) Logger::info("Locked ", name, " registry after registering ", size(), " items");
+			}
+		}
+
+		bool is_locked() const {
+			return locked;
+		}
+
+		void reset() {
+			identifier_index_map.clear();
+			items.clear();
+			locked = false;
+		}
+
+		size_t size() const {
+			return items.size();
+		}
+
+		bool empty() const {
+			return items.empty();
+		}
+
+		void reserve(size_t size) {
+			if (locked) {
+				Logger::error("Failed to reserve space for ", size, " items in ", name, " registry - already locked!");
+			} else {
+				items.reserve(size);
+			}
+		}
+
+		T* get_item_by_identifier(const std::string_view identifier) {
+			const identifier_index_map_t::const_iterator it = identifier_index_map.find(identifier);
+			if (it != identifier_index_map.end()) return &items[it->second];
+			return nullptr;
+		}
+
+		T const* get_item_by_identifier(const std::string_view identifier) const {
+			const identifier_index_map_t::const_iterator it = identifier_index_map.find(identifier);
+			if (it != identifier_index_map.end()) return &items[it->second];
+			return nullptr;
+		}
+
+		T* get_item_by_index(size_t index) {
+			return index < items.size() ? &items[index] : nullptr;
+		}
+
+		T const* get_item_by_index(size_t index) const {
+			return index < items.size() ? &items[index] : nullptr;
+		}
+
+		std::vector<T>& get_items() {
+			return items;
+		}
+
+		std::vector<T> const& get_items() const {
+			return items;
+		}
+
+		NodeTools::node_callback_t expect_item(T const*& ret) const {
+			return NodeTools::expect_identifier(
+				[this, &ret](std::string_view identifier) -> bool {
+					ret = get_item_by_identifier(identifier);
+					if (ret != nullptr) return true;
+					Logger::error("Invalid ", name, ": ", identifier);
+					return false;
+				}
+			);
+		}
+	};
+
+#define IDENTIFIER_REGISTRY_ACCESSORS_CUSTOM_PLURAL(type, singular, plural) \
+	void lock_##plural() { plural.lock(); } \
+	type const* get_##singular##_by_index(size_t index) const { \
+		return plural.get_item_by_index(index); } \
+	type const* get_##singular##_by_identifier(const std::string_view identifier) const { \
+		return plural.get_item_by_identifier(identifier); } \
+	size_t get_##singular##_count() const { \
+		return plural.size(); } \
+	std::vector<type> const& get_##plural() const { \
+		return plural.get_items(); } \
+	NodeTools::node_callback_t expect_##singular(type const*& ret) const { \
+		return plural.expect_item(ret); }
+
+#define IDENTIFIER_REGISTRY_ACCESSORS(type, name) IDENTIFIER_REGISTRY_ACCESSORS_CUSTOM_PLURAL(type, name, name##s)
+}
diff --git a/src/openvic-simulation/types/fixed_point/FixedPoint.hpp b/src/openvic-simulation/types/fixed_point/FixedPoint.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..913f237
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/openvic-simulation/types/fixed_point/FixedPoint.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,584 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cerrno>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <limits>
+#include <string_view>
+
+#include "openvic-simulation/utility/Logger.hpp"
+#include "openvic-simulation/utility/NumberUtils.hpp"
+#include "openvic-simulation/utility/StringUtils.hpp"
+
+#include "FixedPointLUT.hpp"
+
+namespace OpenVic {
+	struct fixed_point_t {
+		static constexpr size_t SIZE = 8;
+
+		static constexpr int32_t PRECISION = FPLUT::SIN_LUT_PRECISION;
+		static constexpr int64_t ONE = 1 << PRECISION;
+
+		constexpr fixed_point_t() : value { 0 } {}
+		constexpr fixed_point_t(int64_t new_value) : value { new_value } {}
+		constexpr fixed_point_t(int32_t new_value) : value { static_cast<int64_t>(new_value) << PRECISION } {}
+
+		// Trivial destructor
+		~fixed_point_t() = default;
+
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t max() {
+			return std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max();
+		}
+
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t min() {
+			return std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min();
+		}
+
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t usable_max() {
+			return static_cast<int64_t>(2147483648LL);
+		}
+
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t usable_min() {
+			return -usable_max();
+		}
+
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t _0() {
+			return 0;
+		}
+
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t _1() {
+			return 1;
+		}
+
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t _2() {
+			return 2;
+		}
+
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t _3() {
+			return 3;
+		}
+
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t _4() {
+			return 4;
+		}
+
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t _5() {
+			return 5;
+		}
+
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t _6() {
+			return 6;
+		}
+
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t _7() {
+			return 7;
+		}
+
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t _8() {
+			return 8;
+		}
+
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t _9() {
+			return 9;
+		}
+
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t _10() {
+			return 10;
+		}
+
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t _50() {
+			return 50;
+		}
+
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t _100() {
+			return 100;
+		}
+
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t _200() {
+			return 200;
+		}
+
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t _0_01() {
+			return _1() / _100();
+		}
+
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t _0_02() {
+			return _0_01() * 2;
+		}
+
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t _0_03() {
+			return _0_01() * 3;
+		}
+
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t _0_04() {
+			return _0_01() * 4;
+		}
+
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t _0_05() {
+			return _0_01() * 5;
+		}
+
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t _0_10() {
+			return _1() / 10;
+		}
+
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t _0_20() {
+			return _0_10() * 2;
+		}
+
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t _0_25() {
+			return _1() / 4;
+		}
+
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t _0_33() {
+			return _1() / 3;
+		}
+
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t _0_50() {
+			return _1() / 2;
+		}
+
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t _0_75() {
+			return _1() - _0_25();
+		}
+
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t _0_95() {
+			return _1() - _0_05();
+		}
+
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t _0_99() {
+			return _1() - _0_01();
+		}
+
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t _1_01() {
+			return _1() + _0_01();
+		}
+
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t _1_10() {
+			return _1() + _0_10();
+		}
+
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t _1_50() {
+			return _1() + _0_50();
+		}
+
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t minus_one() {
+			return -1;
+		}
+
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t pi() {
+			return static_cast<int64_t>(205887LL);
+		}
+
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t pi2() {
+			return pi() * 2;
+		}
+
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t pi_quarter() {
+			return pi() / 4;
+		}
+
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t pi_half() {
+			return pi() / 2;
+		}
+
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t one_div_pi2() {
+			return 1 / pi2();
+		}
+
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t deg2rad() {
+			return static_cast<int64_t>(1143LL);
+		}
+
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t rad2deg() {
+			return static_cast<int64_t>(3754936LL);
+		}
+
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t e() {
+			return static_cast<int64_t>(178145LL);
+		}
+
+		constexpr bool is_negative() const {
+			return value < 0;
+		}
+
+		constexpr fixed_point_t abs() const {
+			return !is_negative() ? value : -value;
+		}
+
+		// Doesn't account for sign, so -n.abc -> 1 - 0.abc
+		constexpr fixed_point_t get_frac() const {
+			return value & (ONE - 1);
+		}
+
+		constexpr int64_t to_int64_t() const {
+			return value >> PRECISION;
+		}
+
+		constexpr void set_raw_value(int64_t value) {
+			this->value = value;
+		}
+
+		constexpr int64_t get_raw_value() const {
+			return value;
+		}
+
+		constexpr int32_t to_int32_t() const {
+			return static_cast<int32_t>(to_int64_t());
+		}
+
+		constexpr float to_float() const {
+			return value / static_cast<float>(ONE);
+		}
+
+		constexpr float to_float_rounded() const {
+			return static_cast<float>(NumberUtils::round_to_int64((value / static_cast<float>(ONE)) * 100000.0f)) / 100000.0f;
+		}
+
+		constexpr double to_double() const {
+			return value / static_cast<double>(ONE);
+		}
+
+		constexpr float to_double_rounded() const {
+			return NumberUtils::round_to_int64((value / static_cast<double>(ONE)) * 100000.0) / 100000.0;
+		}
+
+		std::string to_string() const {
+			fixed_point_t val = abs();
+			std::string str = std::to_string(val.to_int64_t()) + ".";
+			if (is_negative()) str = "-" + str;
+			val = val.get_frac();
+			do {
+				val *= 10;
+				str.push_back('0' + static_cast<char>(val.to_int64_t()));
+				val = val.get_frac();
+			} while (val > 0);
+			return str;
+		}
+
+		// Deterministic
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t parse_raw(int64_t value) {
+			return value;
+		}
+
+		// Deterministic
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t parse(int64_t value) {
+			return value << PRECISION;
+		}
+
+		// Deterministic
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t parse(char const* str, char const* const end, bool* successful = nullptr) {
+			if (successful != nullptr) *successful = false;
+
+			if (str == nullptr || str >= end) {
+				return _0();
+			}
+
+			bool negative = false;
+
+			if (*str == '-') {
+				negative = true;
+				++str;
+				if (str == end) return _0();
+			}
+
+			char const* dot_pointer = str;
+			while (*dot_pointer != '.' && ++dot_pointer != end);
+
+			if (dot_pointer == str && dot_pointer + 1 == end) {
+				// Invalid: ".", "+." or "-."
+				return _0();
+			}
+
+			fixed_point_t result = _0();
+			if (successful != nullptr) *successful = true;
+
+			if (dot_pointer != str) {
+				// Non-empty integer part
+				bool int_successful = false;
+				result += parse_integer(str, dot_pointer, &int_successful);
+				if (!int_successful && successful != nullptr) *successful = false;
+			}
+
+			if (dot_pointer + 1 < end) {
+				// Non-empty fractional part
+				bool frac_successful = false;
+				result += parse_fraction(dot_pointer + 1, end, &frac_successful);
+				if (!frac_successful && successful != nullptr) *successful = false;
+			}
+
+			return negative ? -result : result;
+		}
+
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t parse(char const* str, size_t length, bool* successful = nullptr) {
+			return parse(str, str + length, successful);
+		}
+
+		static fixed_point_t parse(const std::string_view str, bool* successful = nullptr) {
+			return parse(str.data(), str.length(), successful);
+		}
+
+		// Not Deterministic
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t parse_unsafe(float value) {
+			return static_cast<int64_t>(value * ONE + 0.5f * (value < 0 ? -1 : 1));
+		}
+
+		// Not Deterministic
+		static fixed_point_t parse_unsafe(char const* value) {
+			char* endpointer;
+			double double_value = std::strtod(value, &endpointer);
+
+			if (*endpointer != '\0') {
+				Logger::error("Unsafe fixed point parse failed to parse the end of a string: \"", endpointer, "\"");
+			}
+
+			int64_t integer_value = static_cast<long>(double_value * ONE + 0.5 * (double_value < 0 ? -1 : 1));
+
+			return integer_value;
+		}
+
+		constexpr operator int32_t() const {
+			return to_int32_t();
+		}
+
+		constexpr operator int64_t() const {
+			return to_int64_t();
+		}
+
+		constexpr operator float() const {
+			return to_float();
+		}
+
+		constexpr operator double() const {
+			return to_double();
+		}
+
+		operator std::string() const {
+			return to_string();
+		}
+
+		friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& stream, fixed_point_t const& obj) {
+			return stream << obj.to_string();
+		}
+
+		constexpr friend fixed_point_t operator-(fixed_point_t const& obj) {
+			return -obj.value;
+		}
+
+		constexpr friend fixed_point_t operator+(fixed_point_t const& obj) {
+			return +obj.value;
+		}
+
+		constexpr friend fixed_point_t operator+(fixed_point_t const& lhs, fixed_point_t const& rhs) {
+			return lhs.value + rhs.value;
+		}
+
+		constexpr friend fixed_point_t operator+(fixed_point_t const& lhs, int32_t const& rhs) {
+			return lhs.value + (static_cast<int64_t>(rhs) << PRECISION);
+		}
+
+		constexpr friend fixed_point_t operator+(int32_t const& lhs, fixed_point_t const& rhs) {
+			return (static_cast<int64_t>(lhs) << PRECISION) + rhs.value;
+		}
+
+		constexpr fixed_point_t operator+=(fixed_point_t const& obj) {
+			value += obj.value;
+			return *this;
+		}
+
+		constexpr fixed_point_t operator+=(int32_t const& obj) {
+			value += (static_cast<int64_t>(obj) << PRECISION);
+			return *this;
+		}
+
+		constexpr friend fixed_point_t operator-(fixed_point_t const& lhs, fixed_point_t const& rhs) {
+			return lhs.value - rhs.value;
+		}
+
+		constexpr friend fixed_point_t operator-(fixed_point_t const& lhs, int32_t const& rhs) {
+			return lhs.value - (static_cast<int64_t>(rhs) << PRECISION);
+		}
+
+		constexpr friend fixed_point_t operator-(int32_t const& lhs, fixed_point_t const& rhs) {
+			return (static_cast<int64_t>(lhs) << PRECISION) - rhs.value;
+		}
+
+		constexpr fixed_point_t operator-=(fixed_point_t const& obj) {
+			value -= obj.value;
+			return *this;
+		}
+
+		constexpr fixed_point_t operator-=(int32_t const& obj) {
+			value -= (static_cast<int64_t>(obj) << PRECISION);
+			return *this;
+		}
+
+		constexpr friend fixed_point_t operator*(fixed_point_t const& lhs, fixed_point_t const& rhs) {
+			return lhs.value * rhs.value >> PRECISION;
+		}
+
+		constexpr friend fixed_point_t operator*(fixed_point_t const& lhs, int32_t const& rhs) {
+			return lhs.value * rhs;
+		}
+
+		constexpr friend fixed_point_t operator*(int32_t const& lhs, fixed_point_t const& rhs) {
+			return lhs * rhs.value;
+		}
+
+		constexpr fixed_point_t operator*=(fixed_point_t const& obj) {
+			value *= obj.value >> PRECISION;
+			return *this;
+		}
+
+		constexpr fixed_point_t operator*=(int32_t const& obj) {
+			value *= obj;
+			return *this;
+		}
+
+		constexpr friend fixed_point_t operator/(fixed_point_t const& lhs, fixed_point_t const& rhs) {
+			return (lhs.value << PRECISION) / rhs.value;
+		}
+
+		constexpr friend fixed_point_t operator/(fixed_point_t const& lhs, int32_t const& rhs) {
+			return lhs.value / rhs;
+		}
+
+		constexpr friend fixed_point_t operator/(int32_t const& lhs, fixed_point_t const& rhs) {
+			return (static_cast<int64_t>(lhs) << (2 * PRECISION)) / rhs.value;
+		}
+
+		constexpr fixed_point_t operator/=(fixed_point_t const& obj) {
+			value = (value << PRECISION) / obj.value;
+			return *this;
+		}
+
+		constexpr fixed_point_t operator/=(int32_t const& obj) {
+			value /= obj;
+			return *this;
+		}
+
+		constexpr friend fixed_point_t operator%(fixed_point_t const& lhs, fixed_point_t const& rhs) {
+			return lhs.value % rhs.value;
+		}
+
+		constexpr friend fixed_point_t operator%(fixed_point_t const& lhs, int32_t const& rhs) {
+			return lhs.value % (static_cast<int64_t>(rhs) << PRECISION);
+		}
+
+		constexpr friend fixed_point_t operator%(int32_t const& lhs, fixed_point_t const& rhs) {
+			return (static_cast<int64_t>(lhs) << PRECISION) % rhs.value;
+		}
+
+		constexpr fixed_point_t operator%=(fixed_point_t const& obj) {
+			value %= obj.value;
+			return *this;
+		}
+
+		constexpr fixed_point_t operator%=(int32_t const& obj) {
+			value %= (static_cast<int64_t>(obj) << PRECISION);
+			return *this;
+		}
+
+		constexpr friend bool operator<(fixed_point_t const& lhs, fixed_point_t const& rhs) {
+			return lhs.value < rhs.value;
+		}
+
+		constexpr friend bool operator<(fixed_point_t const& lhs, int32_t const& rhs) {
+			return lhs.value < static_cast<int64_t>(rhs) << PRECISION;
+		}
+
+		constexpr friend bool operator<(int32_t const& lhs, fixed_point_t const& rhs) {
+			return static_cast<int64_t>(lhs) << PRECISION < rhs.value;
+		}
+
+		constexpr friend bool operator<=(fixed_point_t const& lhs, fixed_point_t const& rhs) {
+			return lhs.value <= rhs.value;
+		}
+
+		constexpr friend bool operator<=(fixed_point_t const& lhs, int32_t const& rhs) {
+			return lhs.value <= static_cast<int64_t>(rhs) << PRECISION;
+		}
+
+		constexpr friend bool operator<=(int32_t const& lhs, fixed_point_t const& rhs) {
+			return static_cast<int64_t>(lhs) << PRECISION <= rhs.value;
+		}
+
+		constexpr friend bool operator>(fixed_point_t const& lhs, fixed_point_t const& rhs) {
+			return lhs.value > rhs.value;
+		}
+
+		constexpr friend bool operator>(fixed_point_t const& lhs, int32_t const& rhs) {
+			return lhs.value > static_cast<int64_t>(rhs) << PRECISION;
+		}
+
+		constexpr friend bool operator>(int32_t const& lhs, fixed_point_t const& rhs) {
+			return static_cast<int64_t>(lhs) << PRECISION > rhs.value;
+		}
+
+		constexpr friend bool operator>=(fixed_point_t const& lhs, fixed_point_t const& rhs) {
+			return lhs.value >= rhs.value;
+		}
+
+		constexpr friend bool operator>=(fixed_point_t const& lhs, int32_t const& rhs) {
+			return lhs.value >= static_cast<int64_t>(rhs) << PRECISION;
+		}
+
+		constexpr friend bool operator>=(int32_t const& lhs, fixed_point_t const& rhs) {
+			return static_cast<int64_t>(lhs) << PRECISION >= rhs.value;
+		}
+
+		constexpr friend bool operator==(fixed_point_t const& lhs, fixed_point_t const& rhs) {
+			return lhs.value == rhs.value;
+		}
+
+		constexpr friend bool operator==(fixed_point_t const& lhs, int32_t const& rhs) {
+			return lhs.value == static_cast<int64_t>(rhs) << PRECISION;
+		}
+
+		constexpr friend bool operator==(int32_t const& lhs, fixed_point_t const& rhs) {
+			return static_cast<int64_t>(lhs) << PRECISION == rhs.value;
+		}
+
+		constexpr friend bool operator!=(fixed_point_t const& lhs, fixed_point_t const& rhs) {
+			return lhs.value != rhs.value;
+		}
+
+		constexpr friend bool operator!=(fixed_point_t const& lhs, int32_t const& rhs) {
+			return lhs.value != static_cast<int64_t>(rhs) << PRECISION;
+		}
+
+		constexpr friend bool operator!=(int32_t const& lhs, fixed_point_t const& rhs) {
+			return static_cast<int64_t>(lhs) << PRECISION != rhs.value;
+		}
+
+	private:
+		int64_t value;
+
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t parse_integer(char const* str, char const* const end, bool* successful) {
+			int64_t parsed_value = StringUtils::string_to_int64(str, end, successful, 10);
+			return parse(parsed_value);
+		}
+
+		static constexpr fixed_point_t parse_fraction(char const* str, char const* end, bool* successful) {
+			char const* const read_end = str + PRECISION;
+			if (read_end < end) end = read_end;
+			uint64_t parsed_value = StringUtils::string_to_uint64(str, end, successful, 10);
+			while (end++ < read_end) {
+				parsed_value *= 10;
+			}
+			uint64_t decimal = NumberUtils::pow(static_cast<uint64_t>(10), PRECISION);
+			int64_t ret = 0;
+			for (int i = PRECISION - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
+				decimal >>= 1;
+				if (parsed_value > decimal) {
+					parsed_value -= decimal;
+					ret |= 1 << i;
+				}
+			}
+			return ret;
+		}
+	};
+
+	static_assert(sizeof(fixed_point_t) == fixed_point_t::SIZE, "fixed_point_t is not 8 bytes");
+}
diff --git a/src/openvic-simulation/types/fixed_point/FixedPointLUT.hpp b/src/openvic-simulation/types/fixed_point/FixedPointLUT.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..466517b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/openvic-simulation/types/fixed_point/FixedPointLUT.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <array>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <numbers>
+#include <utility>
+
+namespace OpenVic::FPLUT {
+
+	#include "FixedPointLUT_sin.hpp"
+
+	constexpr int32_t SHIFT = SIN_LUT_PRECISION - SIN_LUT_COUNT_LOG2;
+
+	constexpr int64_t sin(int64_t value) {
+		int sign = 1;
+		if (value < 0) {
+			value = -value;
+			sign = -1;
+		}
+
+		int index = value >> SHIFT;
+		int64_t a = SIN_LUT[index];
+		int64_t b = SIN_LUT[index + 1];
+		int64_t fraction = (value - (index << SHIFT)) << SIN_LUT_COUNT_LOG2;
+		int64_t result = a + (((b - a) * fraction) >> SIN_LUT_PRECISION);
+		return result * sign;
+	}
+}
diff --git a/src/openvic-simulation/types/fixed_point/FixedPointLUT_sin.hpp b/src/openvic-simulation/types/fixed_point/FixedPointLUT_sin.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0c75efe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/openvic-simulation/types/fixed_point/FixedPointLUT_sin.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cstdint>
+
+static constexpr int32_t SIN_LUT_PRECISION = 16;
+static constexpr int32_t SIN_LUT_COUNT_LOG2 = 9;
+
+static constexpr int64_t SIN_LUT[(1 << SIN_LUT_COUNT_LOG2) + 1] = {
+	0, 804, 1608, 2412, 3216, 4019, 4821, 5623, 6424, 7224, 8022, 8820, 9616, 10411, 11204, 11996,
+	12785, 13573, 14359, 15143, 15924, 16703, 17479, 18253, 19024, 19792, 20557, 21320, 22078, 22834, 23586, 24335,
+	25080, 25821, 26558, 27291, 28020, 28745, 29466, 30182, 30893, 31600, 32303, 33000, 33692, 34380, 35062, 35738,
+	36410, 37076, 37736, 38391, 39040, 39683, 40320, 40951, 41576, 42194, 42806, 43412, 44011, 44604, 45190, 45769,
+	46341, 46906, 47464, 48015, 48559, 49095, 49624, 50146, 50660, 51166, 51665, 52156, 52639, 53114, 53581, 54040,
+	54491, 54934, 55368, 55794, 56212, 56621, 57022, 57414, 57798, 58172, 58538, 58896, 59244, 59583, 59914, 60235,
+	60547, 60851, 61145, 61429, 61705, 61971, 62228, 62476, 62714, 62943, 63162, 63372, 63572, 63763, 63944, 64115,
+	64277, 64429, 64571, 64704, 64827, 64940, 65043, 65137, 65220, 65294, 65358, 65413, 65457, 65492, 65516, 65531,
+	65536, 65531, 65516, 65492, 65457, 65413, 65358, 65294, 65220, 65137, 65043, 64940, 64827, 64704, 64571, 64429,
+	64277, 64115, 63944, 63763, 63572, 63372, 63162, 62943, 62714, 62476, 62228, 61971, 61705, 61429, 61145, 60851,
+	60547, 60235, 59914, 59583, 59244, 58896, 58538, 58172, 57798, 57414, 57022, 56621, 56212, 55794, 55368, 54934,
+	54491, 54040, 53581, 53114, 52639, 52156, 51665, 51166, 50660, 50146, 49624, 49095, 48559, 48015, 47464, 46906,
+	46341, 45769, 45190, 44604, 44011, 43412, 42806, 42194, 41576, 40951, 40320, 39683, 39040, 38391, 37736, 37076,
+	36410, 35738, 35062, 34380, 33692, 33000, 32303, 31600, 30893, 30182, 29466, 28745, 28020, 27291, 26558, 25821,
+	25080, 24335, 23586, 22834, 22078, 21320, 20557, 19792, 19024, 18253, 17479, 16703, 15924, 15143, 14359, 13573,
+	12785, 11996, 11204, 10411, 9616, 8820, 8022, 7224, 6424, 5623, 4821, 4019, 3216, 2412, 1608, 804,
+	0, -804, -1608, -2412, -3216, -4019, -4821, -5623, -6424, -7224, -8022, -8820, -9616, -10411, -11204, -11996,
+	-12785, -13573, -14359, -15143, -15924, -16703, -17479, -18253, -19024, -19792, -20557, -21320, -22078, -22834, -23586, -24335,
+	-25080, -25821, -26558, -27291, -28020, -28745, -29466, -30182, -30893, -31600, -32303, -33000, -33692, -34380, -35062, -35738,
+	-36410, -37076, -37736, -38391, -39040, -39683, -40320, -40951, -41576, -42194, -42806, -43412, -44011, -44604, -45190, -45769,
+	-46341, -46906, -47464, -48015, -48559, -49095, -49624, -50146, -50660, -51166, -51665, -52156, -52639, -53114, -53581, -54040,
+	-54491, -54934, -55368, -55794, -56212, -56621, -57022, -57414, -57798, -58172, -58538, -58896, -59244, -59583, -59914, -60235,
+	-60547, -60851, -61145, -61429, -61705, -61971, -62228, -62476, -62714, -62943, -63162, -63372, -63572, -63763, -63944, -64115,
+	-64277, -64429, -64571, -64704, -64827, -64940, -65043, -65137, -65220, -65294, -65358, -65413, -65457, -65492, -65516, -65531,
+	-65536, -65531, -65516, -65492, -65457, -65413, -65358, -65294, -65220, -65137, -65043, -64940, -64827, -64704, -64571, -64429,
+	-64277, -64115, -63944, -63763, -63572, -63372, -63162, -62943, -62714, -62476, -62228, -61971, -61705, -61429, -61145, -60851,
+	-60547, -60235, -59914, -59583, -59244, -58896, -58538, -58172, -57798, -57414, -57022, -56621, -56212, -55794, -55368, -54934,
+	-54491, -54040, -53581, -53114, -52639, -52156, -51665, -51166, -50660, -50146, -49624, -49095, -48559, -48015, -47464, -46906,
+	-46341, -45769, -45190, -44604, -44011, -43412, -42806, -42194, -41576, -40951, -40320, -39683, -39040, -38391, -37736, -37076,
+	-36410, -35738, -35062, -34380, -33692, -33000, -32303, -31600, -30893, -30182, -29466, -28745, -28020, -27291, -26558, -25821,
+	-25080, -24335, -23586, -22834, -22078, -21320, -20557, -19792, -19024, -18253, -17479, -16703, -15924, -15143, -14359, -13573,
+	-12785, -11996, -11204, -10411, -9616, -8820, -8022, -7224, -6424, -5623, -4821, -4019, -3216, -2412, -1608, -804,
+	0
+};
diff --git a/src/openvic-simulation/types/fixed_point/FixedPointMath.hpp b/src/openvic-simulation/types/fixed_point/FixedPointMath.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c0b5f42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/openvic-simulation/types/fixed_point/FixedPointMath.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "FixedPoint.hpp"
+
+namespace OpenVic::FPMath {
+	constexpr fixed_point_t sin(fixed_point_t number) {
+		number %= fixed_point_t::pi2();
+		number *= fixed_point_t::one_div_pi2();
+		return FPLUT::sin(number.get_raw_value());
+	}
+}
diff --git a/src/openvic-simulation/types/fixed_point/lut_generator/lut_generator.py b/src/openvic-simulation/types/fixed_point/lut_generator/lut_generator.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8ae7a32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/openvic-simulation/types/fixed_point/lut_generator/lut_generator.py
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+from math import pi, sin
+from argparse import ArgumentParser
+from sys import exit
+
+def generate_sin_lut(precision : int, count_log2 : int):
+	one = 1 << precision
+	count = 1 << count_log2
+
+	SinLut = []
+
+	for i in range(count):
+		angle = 2 * pi * i / count
+
+		sin_value = sin(angle)
+		moved_sin = sin_value * one
+		rounded_sin = int(moved_sin + 0.5) if moved_sin > 0 else int(moved_sin - 0.5)
+		SinLut.append(rounded_sin)
+
+	SinLut.append(SinLut[0])
+
+	output = [
+		"#pragma once",
+		"",
+		"#include <cstdint>",
+		"",
+		f"static constexpr int32_t SIN_LUT_PRECISION = {precision};",
+		f"static constexpr int32_t SIN_LUT_COUNT_LOG2 = {count_log2};",
+		"",
+		"static constexpr int64_t SIN_LUT[(1 << SIN_LUT_COUNT_LOG2) + 1] = {"
+	]
+
+	VALS_PER_LINE = 16
+
+	lines = [SinLut[i : i + VALS_PER_LINE] for i in range(0, len(SinLut), VALS_PER_LINE)]
+
+	for line in lines:
+		output.append("\t" + ", ".join(str(value) for value in line) + ",")
+
+	output[-1] = output[-1][:-1]  # Remove the last comma
+	output += ["};", ""]
+
+	cpp_code = "\n".join(output)
+
+	with open(f"FixedPointLUT_sin.hpp", "w", newline="\n") as file:
+		file.write(cpp_code)
+
+PRECISION = 16
+COUNT = 9
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+
+	parser = ArgumentParser(prog="Fixed Point LUT Generator", description="Fixed-Point number Look-Up Table generator")
+	parser.add_argument("-p", "--precision", type=int, default=PRECISION, choices=range(1, 65), help="The number of bits after the point (fractional bits)")
+	parser.add_argument("-c", "--count", type=int, default=COUNT, choices=range(1, 65), help="The base 2 log of the number of values in the look-up table (must be <= precision)")
+	args = parser.parse_args()
+
+	if args.precision < args.count:
+		print("ERROR: invalid count ", args.count, " - can't be greater than precision (", args.precision, ")")
+		exit(-1)
+	else:
+		generate_sin_lut(args.precision, args.count)
+		exit(0)
diff --git a/src/openvic-simulation/utility/BMP.cpp b/src/openvic-simulation/utility/BMP.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..531870b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/openvic-simulation/utility/BMP.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+#include "BMP.hpp"
+
+#include <cstring>
+#include <set>
+
+#include "openvic-simulation/utility/Logger.hpp"
+
+using namespace OpenVic;
+
+BMP::~BMP() {
+	close();
+}
+
+bool BMP::open(char const* filepath) {
+	reset();
+	errno = 0;
+	file = fopen(filepath, "rb");
+	if (file == nullptr || errno != 0) {
+		Logger::error("Failed to open BMP file \"", filepath, "\" (errno = ", errno, ")");
+		file = nullptr;
+		return false;
+	}
+	return true;
+}
+
+bool BMP::read_header() {
+	if (header_validated) {
+		Logger::error("BMP header already validated!");
+		return false;
+	}
+	if (file == nullptr) {
+		Logger::error("Cannot read BMP header before opening a file");
+		return false;
+	}
+	if (fseek(file, 0, SEEK_SET) != 0) {
+		Logger::error("Failed to move to the beginning of the BMP file!");
+		return false;
+	}
+	if (fread(&header, sizeof(header), 1, file) != 1) {
+		Logger::error("Failed to read BMP header!");
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	header_validated = true;
+
+	// Validate constants
+	static constexpr uint16_t BMP_SIGNATURE = 0x4d42;
+	if (header.signature != BMP_SIGNATURE) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid BMP signature: ", header.signature, " (must be ", BMP_SIGNATURE, ")");
+		header_validated = false;
+	}
+	static constexpr uint32_t DIB_HEADER_SIZE = 40;
+	if (header.dib_header_size != DIB_HEADER_SIZE) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid BMP DIB header size: ", header.dib_header_size, " (must be ", DIB_HEADER_SIZE, ")");
+		header_validated = false;
+	}
+	static constexpr uint16_t NUM_PLANES = 1;
+	if (header.num_planes != NUM_PLANES) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid BMP plane count: ", header.num_planes, " (must be ", NUM_PLANES, ")");
+		header_validated = false;
+	}
+	static constexpr uint16_t COMPRESSION = 0; // Only support uncompressed BMPs
+	if (header.compression != COMPRESSION) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid BMP compression method: ", header.compression, " (must be ", COMPRESSION, ")");
+		header_validated = false;
+	}
+
+	// Validate sizes and dimensions
+	// TODO - image_size_bytes can be 0 for non-compressed BMPs
+	if (header.file_size != header.offset + header.image_size_bytes) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid BMP memory sizes: file size = ", header.file_size, " != ", header.offset + header.image_size_bytes,
+			" = ", header.offset, " + ", header.image_size_bytes, " = image data offset + image data size");
+		header_validated = false;
+	}
+	// TODO - support negative widths (i.e. horizontal flip)
+	if (header.width_px <= 0) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid BMP width: ", header.width_px, " (must be positive)");
+		header_validated = false;
+	}
+	// TODO - support negative heights (i.e. vertical flip)
+	if (header.height_px <= 0) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid BMP height: ", header.height_px, " (must be positive)");
+		header_validated = false;
+	}
+	// TODO - validate x_resolution_ppm
+	// TODO - validate y_resolution_ppm
+
+	// Validate colours
+#define VALID_BITS_PER_PIXEL 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 32
+#define STR(x) #x
+	static const std::set<uint16_t> BITS_PER_PIXEL { VALID_BITS_PER_PIXEL };
+	if (!BITS_PER_PIXEL.contains(header.bits_per_pixel)) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid BMP bits per pixel: ", header.bits_per_pixel, " (must be one of " STR(VALID_BITS_PER_PIXEL) ")");
+		header_validated = false;
+	}
+#undef VALID_BITS_PER_PIXEL
+#undef STR
+	static constexpr uint16_t PALETTE_BITS_PER_PIXEL_LIMIT = 8;
+	if (header.num_colours != 0 && header.bits_per_pixel > PALETTE_BITS_PER_PIXEL_LIMIT) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid BMP palette size: ", header.num_colours, " (should be 0 as bits per pixel is ", header.bits_per_pixel, " > 8)");
+		header_validated = false;
+	}
+	// TODO - validate important_colours
+
+	palette_size = header.bits_per_pixel > PALETTE_BITS_PER_PIXEL_LIMIT ? 0
+		// Use header.num_colours if it's greater than 0 and at most 1 << header.bits_per_pixel
+		: 0 < header.num_colours && header.num_colours - 1 >> header.bits_per_pixel == 0 ? header.num_colours
+		: 1 << header.bits_per_pixel;
+
+	const uint32_t expected_offset = palette_size * PALETTE_COLOUR_SIZE + sizeof(header);
+	if (header.offset != expected_offset) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid BMP image data offset: ", header.offset, " (should be ", expected_offset, ")");
+		header_validated = false;
+	}
+
+	return header_validated;
+}
+
+bool BMP::read_palette() {
+	if (file == nullptr) {
+		Logger::error("Cannot read BMP palette before opening a file");
+		return false;
+	}
+	if (!header_validated) {
+		Logger::error("Cannot read palette before BMP header is validated!");
+		return false;
+	}
+	if (palette_size == 0) {
+		Logger::error("Cannot read BMP palette - header indicates this file doesn't have one");
+		return false;
+	}
+	if (fseek(file, sizeof(header), SEEK_SET) != 0) {
+		Logger::error("Failed to move to the palette in the BMP file!");
+		return false;
+	}
+	palette.resize(palette_size);
+	if (fread(palette.data(), palette_size * PALETTE_COLOUR_SIZE, 1, file) != 1) {
+		Logger::error("Failed to read BMP header!");
+		palette.clear();
+		return false;
+	}
+	return true;
+}
+
+void BMP::close() {
+	if (file != nullptr) {
+		if (fclose(file) != 0)
+			Logger::error("Failed to close BMP!");
+		file = nullptr;
+	}
+}
+
+void BMP::reset() {
+	close();
+	memset(&header, 0, sizeof(header));
+	header_validated = false;
+	palette_size = 0;
+	palette.clear();
+}
+
+std::vector<colour_t> const& BMP::get_palette() const {
+	return palette;
+}
diff --git a/src/openvic-simulation/utility/BMP.hpp b/src/openvic-simulation/utility/BMP.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f04b41a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/openvic-simulation/utility/BMP.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "openvic-simulation/types/Colour.hpp"
+
+namespace OpenVic {
+	class BMP {
+#pragma pack(push)
+#pragma pack(1)
+		struct header_t {
+			uint16_t signature;			// Signature: 0x4d42 (or 'B' 'M')
+			uint32_t file_size;			// File size in bytes
+			uint16_t reserved1;			// Not used
+			uint16_t reserved2;			// Not used
+			uint32_t offset;			// Offset to image data in bytes from beginning of file
+			uint32_t dib_header_size;	// DIB header size in bytes
+			int32_t width_px;			// Width of the image
+			int32_t height_px;			// Height of image
+			uint16_t num_planes;		// Number of colour planes
+			uint16_t bits_per_pixel;	// Bits per pixel
+			uint32_t compression;		// Compression type
+			uint32_t image_size_bytes;	// Image size in bytes
+			int32_t x_resolution_ppm;	// Pixels per meter
+			int32_t y_resolution_ppm;	// Pixels per meter
+			uint32_t num_colours;		// Number of colours
+			uint32_t important_colours; // Important colours
+		} header;
+#pragma pack(pop)
+
+		FILE* file = nullptr;
+		bool header_validated = false;
+		uint32_t palette_size = 0;
+		std::vector<colour_t> palette;
+
+	public:
+		static constexpr uint32_t PALETTE_COLOUR_SIZE = sizeof(colour_t);
+
+		BMP() = default;
+		~BMP();
+
+		bool open(char const* filepath);
+		bool read_header();
+		bool read_palette();
+		void close();
+		void reset();
+
+		std::vector<colour_t> const& get_palette() const;
+	};
+}
diff --git a/src/openvic-simulation/utility/Logger.cpp b/src/openvic-simulation/utility/Logger.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bf9a67c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/openvic-simulation/utility/Logger.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#include "Logger.hpp"
+
+#include <iostream>
+
+using namespace OpenVic;
+
+Logger::log_func_t Logger::info_func {};
+Logger::log_queue_t Logger::info_queue {};
+Logger::log_func_t Logger::error_func {};
+Logger::log_queue_t Logger::error_queue {};
+
+char const* Logger::get_filename(char const* filepath) {
+	if (filepath == nullptr) return nullptr;
+	char const* last_slash = filepath;
+	while (*filepath != '\0') {
+		if (*filepath == '\\' || *filepath == '/') last_slash = filepath + 1;
+		filepath++;
+	}
+	return last_slash;
+}
diff --git a/src/openvic-simulation/utility/Logger.hpp b/src/openvic-simulation/utility/Logger.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..417aba7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/openvic-simulation/utility/Logger.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <functional>
+#include <queue>
+#include <sstream>
+#ifdef __cpp_lib_source_location
+#include <source_location>
+#endif
+
+namespace OpenVic {
+
+#ifndef __cpp_lib_source_location
+#include <string>
+	// Implementation of std::source_location for compilers that do not support it
+	// Note: uses non-standard extensions that are supported by Clang, GCC, and MSVC
+	// https://clang.llvm.org/docs/LanguageExtensions.html#source-location-builtins
+	// https://stackoverflow.com/a/67970107
+	class source_location {
+		std::string _file;
+		int _line;
+		std::string _function;
+
+	public:
+		source_location(std::string f, int l, std::string n) : _file(f), _line(l), _function(n) {}
+		static source_location current(std::string f = __builtin_FILE(), int l = __builtin_LINE(), std::string n = __builtin_FUNCTION()) {
+			return source_location(f, l, n);
+		}
+
+		inline char const* file_name() const { return _file.c_str(); }
+		inline int line() const { return _line; }
+		inline char const* function_name() const { return _function.c_str(); }
+	};
+#endif
+
+	class Logger {
+		using log_func_t = std::function<void(std::string&&)>;
+		using log_queue_t = std::queue<std::string>;
+
+#ifdef __cpp_lib_source_location
+		using source_location = std::source_location;
+#else
+		using source_location = OpenVic::source_location;
+#endif
+
+		static char const* get_filename(char const* filepath);
+
+		template<typename... Ts>
+		struct log {
+			log(log_func_t log_func, log_queue_t& log_queue, Ts&&... ts, source_location const& location) {
+				std::stringstream stream;
+				stream << "\n" << get_filename(location.file_name()) << "("
+						<< location.line() << ") `" << location.function_name() << "`: ";
+				((stream << std::forward<Ts>(ts)), ...);
+				stream << std::endl;
+				log_queue.push(stream.str());
+				if (log_func) {
+					do {
+						log_func(std::move(log_queue.front()));
+						log_queue.pop();
+					} while (!log_queue.empty());
+				}
+			}
+		};
+
+#define LOG_FUNC(name)																			\
+	private:																					\
+		static log_func_t name##_func;															\
+		static log_queue_t name##_queue;														\
+	public:																						\
+		static void set_##name##_func(log_func_t log_func) {									\
+			name##_func = log_func;																\
+		}																						\
+		template <typename... Ts>																\
+		struct name {																			\
+			name(Ts&&... ts, source_location const& location = source_location::current()) {	\
+				log<Ts...>{ name##_func, name##_queue, std::forward<Ts>(ts)..., location };		\
+			}																					\
+		};																						\
+		template <typename... Ts>																\
+		name(Ts&&...) -> name<Ts...>;
+
+		LOG_FUNC(info)
+		LOG_FUNC(error)
+
+#undef LOG_FUNC
+	};
+}
diff --git a/src/openvic-simulation/utility/NumberUtils.hpp b/src/openvic-simulation/utility/NumberUtils.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6211772
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/openvic-simulation/utility/NumberUtils.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#include <cstdint>
+
+namespace OpenVic::NumberUtils {
+	constexpr int64_t round_to_int64(float num) {
+		return (num > 0.0f) ? (num + 0.5f) : (num - 0.5f);
+	}
+
+	constexpr int64_t round_to_int64(double num) {
+		return (num > 0.0) ? (num + 0.5) : (num - 0.5);
+	}
+
+	constexpr uint64_t pow(uint64_t base, size_t exponent) {
+		uint64_t ret = 1;
+		while (exponent-- > 0) {
+			ret *= base;
+		}
+		return ret;
+	}
+
+	constexpr int64_t pow(int64_t base, size_t exponent) {
+		int64_t ret = 1;
+		while (exponent-- > 0) {
+			ret *= base;
+		}
+		return ret;
+	}
+}
diff --git a/src/openvic-simulation/utility/StringUtils.hpp b/src/openvic-simulation/utility/StringUtils.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5d6001c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/openvic-simulation/utility/StringUtils.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <limits>
+#include <string_view>
+
+namespace OpenVic::StringUtils {
+	/* The constexpr function 'string_to_uint64' will convert a string into a uint64_t integer value.
+	 * The function takes four parameters: the input string (as a pair of pointers marking the start and
+	 * end of the string), a bool pointer for reporting success, and the base for numerical conversion.
+	 * The base parameter defaults to 10 (decimal), but it can be any value between 2 and 36. If the base
+	 * given is 0, it will be set to 16 if the string starts with "0x" or "0X", otherwise 8 if the string
+	 * still starts with "0", otherwise 10. The success bool pointer parameter is used to report whether
+	 * or not conversion was successful. It can be nullptr if this information is not needed.
+	 */
+	constexpr uint64_t string_to_uint64(char const* str, const char* const end, bool* successful = nullptr, int base = 10) {
+		if (successful != nullptr) *successful = false;
+
+		// Base value should be between 2 and 36. If it's not, return 0 as an invalid case.
+		if (str == nullptr || end <= str || base < 0 || base == 1 || base > 36)
+			return 0;
+
+		// The result of the conversion will be stored in this variable.
+		uint64_t result = 0;
+
+		// If base is zero, base is determined by the string prefix.
+		if (base == 0) {
+			if (*str == '0') {
+				if (str + 1 != end && (str[1] == 'x' || str[1] == 'X')) {
+					base = 16; // Hexadecimal.
+					str += 2; // Skip '0x' or '0X'
+					if (str == end) return 0;
+				} else {
+					base = 8; // Octal.
+				}
+			} else {
+				base = 10; // Decimal.
+			}
+		} else if (base == 16) {
+			// If base is 16 and string starts with '0x' or '0X', skip these characters.
+			if (*str == '0' && str + 1 != end && (str[1] == 'x' || str[1] == 'X')) {
+				str += 2;
+				if (str == end) return 0;
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Convert the number in the string.
+		for (; str != end; ++str) {
+			int digit;
+			if (*str >= '0' && *str <= '9') {
+				digit = *str - '0'; // Calculate digit value for '0'-'9'.
+			} else if (*str >= 'a' && *str <= 'z') {
+				digit = *str - 'a' + 10; // Calculate digit value for 'a'-'z'.
+			} else if (*str >= 'A' && *str <= 'Z') {
+				digit = *str - 'A' + 10; // Calculate digit value for 'A'-'Z'.
+			} else {
+				break; // Stop conversion if current character is not a digit.
+			}
+
+			if (digit >= base) {
+				break; // Stop conversion if current digit is greater than or equal to the base.
+			}
+
+			// Check for overflow on multiplication
+			if (result > std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max() / base) {
+				return std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max();
+			}
+
+			result *= base;
+
+			// Check for overflow on addition
+			if (result > std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max() - digit) {
+				return std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max();
+			}
+
+			result += digit;
+		}
+
+		// If successful is not null and the entire string was parsed,
+		// set *successful to true (if not it is already false).
+		if (successful != nullptr && str == end) *successful = true;
+
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	constexpr uint64_t string_to_uint64(char const* str, size_t length, bool* successful = nullptr, int base = 10) {
+		return string_to_uint64(str, str + length, successful, base);
+	}
+
+	inline uint64_t string_to_uint64(const std::string_view str, bool* successful = nullptr, int base = 10) {
+		return string_to_uint64(str.data(), str.length(), successful, base);
+	}
+
+	constexpr int64_t string_to_int64(char const* str, const char* const end, bool* successful = nullptr, int base = 10) {
+		if (successful != nullptr) *successful = false;
+
+		if (str == nullptr || end <= str) return 0;
+
+		// This flag will be set if the number is negative.
+		bool is_negative = false;
+
+		// Check if there is a sign character.
+		if (*str == '+' || *str == '-') {
+			if (*str == '-')
+				is_negative = true;
+			++str;
+			if (str == end) return 0;
+		}
+
+		const uint64_t result = string_to_uint64(str, end, successful, base);
+		if (!is_negative) {
+			if (result >= std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max())
+				return std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max();
+			return result;
+		} else {
+			if (result > std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max())
+				return std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min();
+			return -result;
+		}
+	}
+
+	constexpr int64_t string_to_int64(char const* str, size_t length, bool* successful = nullptr, int base = 10) {
+		return string_to_int64(str, str + length, successful, base);
+	}
+
+	inline int64_t string_to_int64(const std::string_view str, bool* successful = nullptr, int base = 10) {
+		return string_to_int64(str.data(), str.length(), successful, base);
+	}
+}