16 files changed, 643 insertions, 22 deletions

diff --git a/src/openvic/GameManager.cpp b/src/openvic/GameManager.cpp
index 2784d1c..9ab59a3 100644
--- a/src/openvic/GameManager.cpp
+++ b/src/openvic/GameManager.cpp
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ return_t GameManager::setup() {
 	clock.reset();
 	today = { 1836 };
 	good_manager.reset_to_defaults();
-	return_t ret = map.setup(good_manager, building_manager);
+	return_t ret = map.setup(good_manager, building_manager, pop_manager);
 	set_needs_update();
 	return ret;
 }
diff --git a/src/openvic/GameManager.hpp b/src/openvic/GameManager.hpp
index b8dfbf6..6a061e6 100644
--- a/src/openvic/GameManager.hpp
+++ b/src/openvic/GameManager.hpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ namespace OpenVic {
 		Map map;
 		BuildingManager building_manager;
 		GoodManager good_manager;
+		PopManager pop_manager;
 		GameAdvancementHook clock;
 
 	private:
diff --git a/src/openvic/Types.hpp b/src/openvic/Types.hpp
index fe22dc9..7740e17 100644
--- a/src/openvic/Types.hpp
+++ b/src/openvic/Types.hpp
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ namespace OpenVic {
 		const colour_t colour;
 
 	protected:
-		HasColour(colour_t const new_colour, bool can_be_null = false);
+		HasColour(colour_t const new_colour, bool can_be_null);
 
 	public:
 		HasColour(HasColour const&) = delete;
diff --git a/src/openvic/economy/Good.cpp b/src/openvic/economy/Good.cpp
index 6d515d5..4524e5f 100644
--- a/src/openvic/economy/Good.cpp
+++ b/src/openvic/economy/Good.cpp
@@ -50,8 +50,12 @@ return_t GoodManager::add_good(std::string const& identifier, std::string const&
 		Logger::error("Invalid good identifier - empty!");
 		return FAILURE;
 	}
+	if (colour > MAX_COLOUR_RGB) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid good colour for ", identifier, ": ", Good::colour_to_hex_string(colour));
+		return FAILURE;
+	}
 	if (category.empty()) {
-		Logger::error("Invalid good category - empty!");
+		Logger::error("Invalid good category for ", identifier, ": empty!");
 		return FAILURE;
 	}
 	if (base_price <= NULL_PRICE) {
diff --git a/src/openvic/map/Building.cpp b/src/openvic/map/Building.cpp
index 317ccdf..81532c4 100644
--- a/src/openvic/map/Building.cpp
+++ b/src/openvic/map/Building.cpp
@@ -100,11 +100,11 @@ return_t BuildingManager::add_building_type(std::string const& identifier, Build
 		return FAILURE;
 	}
 	if (max_level < 0) {
-		Logger::error("Invalid building type max level: ", max_level);
+		Logger::error("Invalid building type max level for ", identifier, ": ", max_level);
 		return FAILURE;
 	}
 	if (build_time < 0) {
-		Logger::error("Invalid building type build time: ", build_time);
+		Logger::error("Invalid building type build time for ", identifier, ": ", build_time);
 		return FAILURE;
 	}
 	return building_types.add_item({ identifier, max_level, build_time });
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ return_t BuildingManager::generate_province_buildings(Province& province) const
 	if (province.is_water()) return SUCCESS;
 	return_t ret = SUCCESS;
 	for (BuildingType const& type : building_types.get_items())
-		if (province.add_building(type) != SUCCESS) ret = FAILURE;
+		if (province.add_building({ type }) != SUCCESS) ret = FAILURE;
 	province.lock_buildings();
 	return ret;
 }
diff --git a/src/openvic/map/Building.hpp b/src/openvic/map/Building.hpp
index 98c3991..c4f8950 100644
--- a/src/openvic/map/Building.hpp
+++ b/src/openvic/map/Building.hpp
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
 #include "../Types.hpp"
 
 namespace OpenVic {
-	struct Province;
+
+	struct BuildingManager;
 	struct BuildingType;
 
 	/* REQUIREMENTS:
@@ -15,7 +16,7 @@ namespace OpenVic {
 	 * MAP-13, MAP-78, MAP-79
 	 */
 	struct Building : HasIdentifier {
-		friend struct Province;
+		friend struct BuildingManager;
 
 		using level_t = int8_t;
 
@@ -52,8 +53,6 @@ namespace OpenVic {
 		void tick(Date const& today);
 	};
 
-	struct BuildingManager;
-
 	struct BuildingType : HasIdentifier {
 		friend struct BuildingManager;
 
@@ -70,6 +69,8 @@ namespace OpenVic {
 		Timespan get_build_time() const;
 	};
 
+	struct Province;
+
 	struct BuildingManager {
 	private:
 		IdentifierRegistry<BuildingType> building_types;
diff --git a/src/openvic/map/Map.cpp b/src/openvic/map/Map.cpp
index 2efee32..0f4ed46 100644
--- a/src/openvic/map/Map.cpp
+++ b/src/openvic/map/Map.cpp
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ return_t Map::add_province(std::string const& identifier, colour_t colour) {
 		return FAILURE;
 	}
 	if (colour == NULL_COLOUR || colour > MAX_COLOUR_RGB) {
-		Logger::error("Invalid province colour: ", Province::colour_to_hex_string(colour));
+		Logger::error("Invalid province colour for ", identifier, ": ", Province::colour_to_hex_string(colour));
 		return FAILURE;
 	}
 	Province new_province { static_cast<index_t>(provinces.get_item_count() + 1), identifier, colour };
@@ -91,26 +91,26 @@ return_t Map::add_region(std::string const& identifier, std::vector<std::string>
 		Province* province = get_province_by_identifier(province_identifier);
 		if (province != nullptr) {
 			if (new_region.contains_province(province)) {
-				Logger::error("Duplicate province identifier ", province_identifier);
+				Logger::error("Duplicate province identifier ", province_identifier, " in region ", identifier);
 				ret = FAILURE;
 			} else {
 				size_t other_region_index = reinterpret_cast<size_t>(province->get_region());
 				if (other_region_index != 0) {
 					other_region_index--;
 					if (other_region_index < regions.get_item_count())
-						Logger::error("Province ", province_identifier, " is already part of ", regions.get_item_by_index(other_region_index)->get_identifier());
+						Logger::error("Cannot add province ", province_identifier, " to region ", identifier, " - it is already part of ", regions.get_item_by_index(other_region_index)->get_identifier());
 					else
-						Logger::error("Province ", province_identifier, " is already part of an unknown region with index ", other_region_index);
+						Logger::error("Cannot add province ", province_identifier, " to region ", identifier, " - it is already part of an unknown region with index ", other_region_index);
 					ret = FAILURE;
 				} else new_region.provinces.push_back(province);
 			}
 		} else {
-			Logger::error("Invalid province identifier ", province_identifier);
+			Logger::error("Invalid province identifier ", province_identifier, " for region ", identifier);
 			ret = FAILURE;
 		}
 	}
 	if (!new_region.get_province_count()) {
-		Logger::error("No valid provinces in region's list");
+		Logger::error("No valid provinces in list for ", identifier);
 		return FAILURE;
 	}
 
@@ -341,13 +341,37 @@ return_t Map::generate_mapmode_colours(Mapmode::index_t index, uint8_t* target)
 	return ret;
 }
 
-return_t Map::setup(GoodManager const& good_manager, BuildingManager const& building_manager) {
+void Map::update_highest_province_population() {
+	highest_province_population = 0;
+	for (Province const& province : provinces.get_items()) {
+		highest_province_population = std::max(highest_province_population, province.get_total_population());
+	}
+}
+
+Pop::pop_size_t Map::get_highest_province_population() const {
+	return highest_province_population;
+}
+
+void Map::update_total_map_population() {
+	total_map_population = 0;
+	for (Province const& province : provinces.get_items()) {
+		total_map_population += province.get_total_population();
+	}
+}
+
+Pop::pop_size_t Map::get_total_map_population() const {
+	return total_map_population;
+}
+
+return_t Map::setup(GoodManager const& good_manager, BuildingManager const& building_manager, PopManager const& pop_manager) {
 	return_t ret = SUCCESS;
 	for (Province& province : provinces.get_items()) {
 		// Set all land provinces to have an RGO based on their index to test them
 		if (!province.is_water() && good_manager.get_good_count() > 0)
 			province.rgo = good_manager.get_good_by_index(province.get_index() % good_manager.get_good_count());
 		if (building_manager.generate_province_buildings(province) != SUCCESS) ret = FAILURE;
+		// Add some pops to the province (for testing purposes)
+		pop_manager.generate_test_pops(province);
 	}
 	return ret;
 }
@@ -355,6 +379,8 @@ return_t Map::setup(GoodManager const& good_manager, BuildingManager const& buil
 void Map::update_state(Date const& today) {
 	for (Province& province : provinces.get_items())
 		province.update_state(today);
+	update_highest_province_population();
+	update_total_map_population();
 }
 
 void Map::tick(Date const& today) {
diff --git a/src/openvic/map/Map.hpp b/src/openvic/map/Map.hpp
index 3533a14..3e1370b 100644
--- a/src/openvic/map/Map.hpp
+++ b/src/openvic/map/Map.hpp
@@ -54,6 +54,8 @@ namespace OpenVic {
 		colour_index_map_t colour_index_map;
 		index_t selected_province = NULL_INDEX;
 
+		Pop::pop_size_t highest_province_population, total_map_population;
+
 		index_t get_index_from_colour(colour_t colour) const;
 
 	public:
@@ -93,7 +95,12 @@ namespace OpenVic {
 		static constexpr size_t MAPMODE_COLOUR_SIZE = 4;
 		return_t generate_mapmode_colours(Mapmode::index_t index, uint8_t* target) const;
 
-		return_t setup(GoodManager const& good_manager, BuildingManager const& building_manager);
+		return_t setup(GoodManager const& good_manager, BuildingManager const& building_manager, PopManager const& pop_manager);
+
+		void update_highest_province_population();
+		Pop::pop_size_t get_highest_province_population() const;
+		void update_total_map_population();
+		Pop::pop_size_t get_total_map_population() const;
 
 		void update_state(Date const& today);
 		void tick(Date const& today);
diff --git a/src/openvic/map/Province.cpp b/src/openvic/map/Province.cpp
index d2a5ecf..75612ad 100644
--- a/src/openvic/map/Province.cpp
+++ b/src/openvic/map/Province.cpp
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ using namespace OpenVic;
 
 Province::Province(index_t new_index, std::string const& new_identifier, colour_t new_colour)
 	: HasIdentifier { new_identifier },
-	  HasColour { new_colour },
+	  HasColour { new_colour, false },
 	  index { new_index },
 	  buildings { "buildings" } {
 	assert(index != NULL_INDEX);
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ Province::life_rating_t Province::get_life_rating() const {
 	return life_rating;
 }
 
-return_t Province::add_building(BuildingType const& type) {
-	return buildings.add_item({ type });
+return_t Province::add_building(Building&& building) {
+	return buildings.add_item(std::move(building));
 }
 
 void Province::lock_buildings() {
@@ -66,9 +66,28 @@ std::string Province::to_string() const {
 	return stream.str();
 }
 
+void Province::add_pop(Pop&& pop) {
+	pops.push_back(std::move(pop));
+}
+
+/* REQUIREMENTS:
+ * MAP-65
+ */
+void Province::update_total_population() {
+	total_population = 0;
+	for (Pop const& pop : pops) {
+		total_population += pop.get_size();
+	}
+}
+
+Pop::pop_size_t Province::get_total_population() const {
+	return total_population;
+}
+
 void Province::update_state(Date const& today) {
 	for (Building& building : buildings.get_items())
 		building.update_state(today);
+	update_total_population();
 }
 
 void Province::tick(Date const& today) {
diff --git a/src/openvic/map/Province.hpp b/src/openvic/map/Province.hpp
index f1f87a2..cd90f7d 100644
--- a/src/openvic/map/Province.hpp
+++ b/src/openvic/map/Province.hpp
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once
 
+#include "../pop/Pop.hpp"
 #include "Building.hpp"
 
 namespace OpenVic {
@@ -24,6 +25,9 @@ namespace OpenVic {
 		// TODO - change this into a factory-like structure
 		Good const* rgo = nullptr;
 
+		std::vector<Pop> pops;
+		Pop::pop_size_t total_population;
+
 		Province(index_t new_index, std::string const& new_identifier, colour_t new_colour);
 
 	public:
@@ -33,7 +37,7 @@ namespace OpenVic {
 		Region* get_region() const;
 		bool is_water() const;
 		life_rating_t get_life_rating() const;
-		return_t add_building(BuildingType const& type);
+		return_t add_building(Building&& building);
 		void lock_buildings();
 		void reset_buildings();
 		Building const* get_building_by_identifier(std::string const& identifier) const;
@@ -42,6 +46,10 @@ namespace OpenVic {
 		Good const* get_rgo() const;
 		std::string to_string() const;
 
+		void add_pop(Pop&& pop);
+		void update_total_population();
+		Pop::pop_size_t get_total_population() const;
+
 		void update_state(Date const& today);
 		void tick(Date const& today);
 	};
diff --git a/src/openvic/pop/Culture.cpp b/src/openvic/pop/Culture.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8f72f20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/openvic/pop/Culture.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+#include "Culture.hpp"
+
+#include <cassert>
+
+using namespace OpenVic;
+
+GraphicalCultureType::GraphicalCultureType(std::string const& new_identifier) : HasIdentifier { new_identifier } {}
+
+CultureGroup::CultureGroup(std::string const& new_identifier,
+	GraphicalCultureType const& new_unit_graphical_culture_type)
+	: HasIdentifier { new_identifier },
+	  unit_graphical_culture_type { new_unit_graphical_culture_type } {}
+
+GraphicalCultureType const& CultureGroup::get_unit_graphical_culture_type() const {
+	return unit_graphical_culture_type;
+}
+
+Culture::Culture(CultureGroup const& new_group, std::string const& new_identifier,
+	colour_t new_colour, name_list_t const& new_first_names, name_list_t const& new_last_names)
+	: group { new_group },
+	  HasIdentifier { new_identifier },
+	  HasColour { new_colour, true },
+	  first_names { new_first_names },
+	  last_names { new_last_names } {
+}
+
+CultureGroup const& Culture::get_group() const {
+	return group;
+}
+
+CultureManager::CultureManager()
+	: graphical_culture_types { "graphical culture types" },
+	  culture_groups { "culture groups" },
+	  cultures { "cultures" } {}
+
+return_t CultureManager::add_graphical_culture_type(std::string const& identifier) {
+	if (identifier.empty()) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid culture group identifier - empty!");
+		return FAILURE;
+	}
+	return graphical_culture_types.add_item({ identifier });
+}
+
+void CultureManager::lock_graphical_culture_types() {
+	graphical_culture_types.lock();
+}
+
+GraphicalCultureType const* CultureManager::get_graphical_culture_type_by_identifier(std::string const& identifier) const {
+	return graphical_culture_types.get_item_by_identifier(identifier);
+}
+
+return_t CultureManager::add_culture_group(std::string const& identifier, GraphicalCultureType const* graphical_culture_type) {
+	if (!graphical_culture_types.is_locked()) {
+		Logger::error("Cannot register culture groups until graphical culture types are locked!");
+		return FAILURE;
+	}
+	if (identifier.empty()) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid culture group identifier - empty!");
+		return FAILURE;
+	}
+	if (graphical_culture_type == nullptr) {
+		Logger::error("Null graphical culture type for ", identifier);
+		return FAILURE;
+	}
+	return culture_groups.add_item({ identifier, *graphical_culture_type });
+}
+
+void CultureManager::lock_culture_groups() {
+	culture_groups.lock();
+}
+
+CultureGroup const* CultureManager::get_culture_group_by_identifier(std::string const& identifier) const {
+	return culture_groups.get_item_by_identifier(identifier);
+}
+
+return_t CultureManager::add_culture(std::string const& identifier, colour_t colour, CultureGroup const* group, Culture::name_list_t const& first_names, Culture::name_list_t const& last_names) {
+	if (!culture_groups.is_locked()) {
+		Logger::error("Cannot register cultures until culture groups are locked!");
+		return FAILURE;
+	}
+	if (identifier.empty()) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid culture identifier - empty!");
+		return FAILURE;
+	}
+	if (group == nullptr) {
+		Logger::error("Null culture group for ", identifier);
+		return FAILURE;
+	}
+	if (colour > MAX_COLOUR_RGB) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid culture colour for ", identifier, ": ", Culture::colour_to_hex_string(colour));
+		return FAILURE;
+	}
+	// TODO - name list sanatisation?
+	return cultures.add_item({ *group, identifier, colour, first_names, last_names });
+}
+
+void CultureManager::lock_cultures() {
+	cultures.lock();
+}
+
+Culture const* CultureManager::get_culture_by_identifier(std::string const& identifier) const {
+	return cultures.get_item_by_identifier(identifier);
+}
diff --git a/src/openvic/pop/Culture.hpp b/src/openvic/pop/Culture.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..971ef71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/openvic/pop/Culture.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "../Types.hpp"
+
+namespace OpenVic {
+
+	struct CultureManager;
+
+	struct GraphicalCultureType : HasIdentifier {
+		friend struct CultureManager;
+
+	private:
+		GraphicalCultureType(std::string const& new_identifier);
+
+	public:
+		GraphicalCultureType(GraphicalCultureType&&) = default;
+	};
+
+	struct CultureGroup : HasIdentifier {
+		friend struct CultureManager;
+
+	private:
+		GraphicalCultureType const& unit_graphical_culture_type;
+
+		// TODO - leader type, union tag
+
+		CultureGroup(std::string const& new_identifier, GraphicalCultureType const& new_unit_graphical_culture_type);
+
+	public:
+		CultureGroup(CultureGroup&&) = default;
+
+		GraphicalCultureType const& get_unit_graphical_culture_type() const;
+	};
+
+	struct Culture : HasIdentifier, HasColour {
+		friend struct CultureManager;
+
+		using name_list_t = std::vector<std::string>;
+
+	private:
+		CultureGroup const& group;
+		const name_list_t first_names, last_names;
+
+		// TODO - radicalism, primary tag
+
+		Culture(CultureGroup const& new_group, std::string const& new_identifier, colour_t new_colour, name_list_t const& new_first_names, name_list_t const& new_last_names);
+
+	public:
+		Culture(Culture&&) = default;
+
+		CultureGroup const& get_group() const;
+	};
+
+	struct CultureManager {
+	private:
+		IdentifierRegistry<GraphicalCultureType> graphical_culture_types;
+		IdentifierRegistry<CultureGroup> culture_groups;
+		IdentifierRegistry<Culture> cultures;
+
+	public:
+		CultureManager();
+
+		return_t add_graphical_culture_type(std::string const& identifier);
+		void lock_graphical_culture_types();
+		GraphicalCultureType const* get_graphical_culture_type_by_identifier(std::string const& identifier) const;
+		return_t add_culture_group(std::string const& identifier, GraphicalCultureType const* new_graphical_culture_type);
+		void lock_culture_groups();
+		CultureGroup const* get_culture_group_by_identifier(std::string const& identifier) const;
+		return_t add_culture(std::string const& identifier, colour_t colour, CultureGroup const* group, Culture::name_list_t const& first_names, Culture::name_list_t const& last_names);
+		void lock_cultures();
+		Culture const* get_culture_by_identifier(std::string const& identifier) const;
+	};
+}
diff --git a/src/openvic/pop/Pop.cpp b/src/openvic/pop/Pop.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..babcd25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/openvic/pop/Pop.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+#include "Pop.hpp"
+
+#include <cassert>
+
+#include "../map/Province.hpp"
+#include "../utility/Logger.hpp"
+
+using namespace OpenVic;
+
+Pop::Pop(PopType const& new_type, Culture const& new_culture, Religion const& new_religion, pop_size_t new_size)
+	: type { new_type },
+	  culture { new_culture },
+	  religion { new_religion },
+	  size { new_size } {
+	assert(size > 0);
+}
+
+PopType const& Pop::get_type() const {
+	return type;
+}
+
+Culture const& Pop::get_culture() const {
+	return culture;
+}
+
+Religion const& Pop::get_religion() const {
+	return religion;
+}
+
+Pop::pop_size_t Pop::get_size() const {
+	return size;
+}
+
+PopType::PopType(std::string const& new_identifier, colour_t new_colour,
+	strata_t new_strata, sprite_t new_sprite,
+	Pop::pop_size_t new_max_size, Pop::pop_size_t new_merge_max_size,
+	bool new_state_capital_only, bool new_demote_migrant, bool new_is_artisan, bool new_is_slave)
+	: HasIdentifier { new_identifier },
+	  HasColour { new_colour, true },
+	  strata { new_strata },
+	  sprite { new_sprite },
+	  max_size { new_max_size },
+	  merge_max_size { new_merge_max_size },
+	  state_capital_only { new_state_capital_only },
+	  demote_migrant { new_demote_migrant },
+	  is_artisan { new_is_artisan },
+	  is_slave { new_is_slave } {
+	assert(sprite > 0);
+	assert(max_size > 0);
+	assert(merge_max_size > 0);
+}
+
+PopType::sprite_t PopType::get_sprite() const {
+	return sprite;
+}
+
+Pop::pop_size_t PopType::get_max_size() const {
+	return max_size;
+}
+
+Pop::pop_size_t PopType::get_merge_max_size() const {
+	return merge_max_size;
+}
+
+bool PopType::get_state_capital_only() const {
+	return state_capital_only;
+}
+
+bool PopType::get_demote_migrant() const {
+	return demote_migrant;
+}
+
+bool PopType::get_is_artisan() const {
+	return is_artisan;
+}
+
+bool PopType::get_is_slave() const {
+	return is_slave;
+}
+
+PopManager::PopManager() : pop_types { "pop types" } {
+	culture_manager.add_graphical_culture_type("test_graphical_culture_type");
+	culture_manager.lock_graphical_culture_types();
+
+	culture_manager.add_culture_group("test_culture_group", culture_manager.get_graphical_culture_type_by_identifier("test_graphical_culture_type"));
+	culture_manager.lock_culture_groups();
+
+	culture_manager.add_culture("test_culture", 0x0000FF, culture_manager.get_culture_group_by_identifier("test_culture_group"),
+		{ "john" }, { "smith" });
+	culture_manager.lock_cultures();
+
+	religion_manager.add_religion_group("test_religion_group");
+	religion_manager.lock_religion_groups();
+
+	religion_manager.add_religion("test_religion", 0xFF0000, religion_manager.get_religion_group_by_identifier("test_religion_group"), 1, false);
+	religion_manager.lock_religions();
+
+	add_pop_type("test_pop_type_poor", 0xFF0000, PopType::strata_t::POOR, 1, 1, 1, false, false, false, false);
+	add_pop_type("test_pop_type_middle", 0x00FF00, PopType::strata_t::MIDDLE, 1, 1, 1, false, false, false, false);
+	add_pop_type("test_pop_type_rich", 0x0000FF, PopType::strata_t::RICH, 1, 1, 1, false, false, false, false);
+	lock_pop_types();
+}
+
+return_t PopManager::add_pop_type(std::string const& identifier, colour_t colour, PopType::strata_t strata, PopType::sprite_t sprite,
+	Pop::pop_size_t max_size, Pop::pop_size_t merge_max_size, bool state_capital_only, bool demote_migrant, bool is_artisan, bool is_slave) {
+	if (identifier.empty()) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid pop type identifier - empty!");
+		return FAILURE;
+	}
+	if (colour > MAX_COLOUR_RGB) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid pop type colour for ", identifier, ": ", PopType::colour_to_hex_string(colour));
+		return FAILURE;
+	}
+	if (sprite <= 0) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid pop type sprite index for ", identifier, ": ", sprite);
+		return FAILURE;
+	}
+	if (max_size <= 0) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid pop type max size for ", identifier, ": ", max_size);
+		return FAILURE;
+	}
+	if (merge_max_size <= 0) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid pop type merge max size for ", identifier, ": ", merge_max_size);
+		return FAILURE;
+	}
+	return pop_types.add_item({ identifier, colour, strata, sprite, max_size, merge_max_size, state_capital_only, demote_migrant, is_artisan, is_slave });
+}
+
+void PopManager::lock_pop_types() {
+	pop_types.lock();
+}
+
+PopType const* PopManager::get_pop_type_by_identifier(std::string const& identifier) const {
+	return pop_types.get_item_by_identifier(identifier);
+}
+
+void PopManager::generate_test_pops(Province& province) const {
+	if (pop_types.is_locked()) {
+		static PopType const& type_poor = *get_pop_type_by_identifier("test_pop_type_poor");
+		static PopType const& type_middle = *get_pop_type_by_identifier("test_pop_type_middle");
+		static PopType const& type_rich = *get_pop_type_by_identifier("test_pop_type_rich");
+		static Culture const& culture = *culture_manager.get_culture_by_identifier("test_culture");
+		static Religion const& religion = *religion_manager.get_religion_by_identifier("test_religion");
+		province.add_pop({ type_poor, culture, religion, static_cast<Pop::pop_size_t>(province.get_index() * province.get_index() * province.get_index()) * 1000 });
+		province.add_pop({ type_middle, culture, religion, static_cast<Pop::pop_size_t>(province.get_index() * province.get_index()) * 1000 });
+		province.add_pop({ type_rich, culture, religion, static_cast<Pop::pop_size_t>(province.get_index()) * 1000 });
+	} else {
+		Logger::error("Cannot generate pops before pop types registry is locked!");
+	}
+}
diff --git a/src/openvic/pop/Pop.hpp b/src/openvic/pop/Pop.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..626cd8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/openvic/pop/Pop.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "../Types.hpp"
+#include "Culture.hpp"
+#include "Religion.hpp"
+
+namespace OpenVic {
+
+	struct PopManager;
+	struct PopType;
+
+	/* REQUIREMENTS:
+	 * POP-18, POP-19, POP-20, POP-21
+	 */
+	struct Pop {
+		friend struct PopManager;
+
+		using pop_size_t = uint32_t;
+
+	private:
+		PopType const& type;
+		Culture const& culture;
+		Religion const& religion;
+		pop_size_t size;
+
+		Pop(PopType const& new_type, Culture const& new_culture, Religion const& new_religion, pop_size_t new_size);
+
+	public:
+		Pop(Pop const&) = delete;
+		Pop(Pop&&) = default;
+		Pop& operator=(Pop const&) = delete;
+		Pop& operator=(Pop&&) = delete;
+
+		PopType const& get_type() const;
+		Culture const& get_culture() const;
+		Religion const& get_religion() const;
+		pop_size_t get_size() const;
+	};
+
+	/* REQUIREMENTS:
+	 * POP-26
+	 */
+	struct PopType : HasIdentifier, HasColour {
+		friend struct PopManager;
+
+		using sprite_t = uint8_t;
+
+	private:
+		const enum class strata_t {
+			POOR,
+			MIDDLE,
+			RICH
+		} strata;
+		const sprite_t sprite;
+		const Pop::pop_size_t max_size, merge_max_size;
+		const bool state_capital_only, demote_migrant, is_artisan, is_slave;
+
+		// TODO - rebel composition, life/everyday/luxury needs, country and province migration targets, promote_to targets, ideologies and issues
+
+		PopType(std::string const& new_identifier, colour_t new_colour, strata_t new_strata, sprite_t new_sprite, Pop::pop_size_t new_max_size, Pop::pop_size_t new_merge_max_size,
+			bool new_state_capital_only, bool new_demote_migrant, bool new_is_artisan, bool new_is_slave);
+
+	public:
+		PopType(PopType&&) = default;
+
+		sprite_t get_sprite() const;
+		Pop::pop_size_t get_max_size() const;
+		Pop::pop_size_t get_merge_max_size() const;
+		bool get_state_capital_only() const;
+		bool get_demote_migrant() const;
+		bool get_is_artisan() const;
+		bool get_is_slave() const;
+	};
+
+	struct Province;
+
+	struct PopManager {
+	private:
+		IdentifierRegistry<PopType> pop_types;
+		CultureManager culture_manager;
+		ReligionManager religion_manager;
+
+	public:
+		PopManager();
+
+		return_t add_pop_type(std::string const& identifier, colour_t new_colour, PopType::strata_t strata, PopType::sprite_t sprite,
+			Pop::pop_size_t max_size, Pop::pop_size_t merge_max_size, bool state_capital_only, bool demote_migrant,
+			bool is_artisan, bool is_slave);
+		void lock_pop_types();
+		PopType const* get_pop_type_by_identifier(std::string const& identifier) const;
+
+		void generate_test_pops(Province& province) const;
+	};
+}
diff --git a/src/openvic/pop/Religion.cpp b/src/openvic/pop/Religion.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a5b2abb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/openvic/pop/Religion.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+#include "Religion.hpp"
+
+#include <cassert>
+
+using namespace OpenVic;
+
+ReligionGroup::ReligionGroup(std::string const& new_identifier) : HasIdentifier { new_identifier } {}
+
+Religion::Religion(ReligionGroup const& new_group, std::string const& new_identifier,
+	colour_t new_colour, icon_t new_icon, bool new_pagan)
+	: group { new_group },
+	  HasIdentifier { new_identifier },
+	  HasColour { new_colour, true },
+	  icon { new_icon },
+	  pagan { new_pagan } {
+	assert(icon > 0);
+}
+
+ReligionGroup const& Religion::get_group() const {
+	return group;
+}
+
+Religion::icon_t Religion::get_icon() const {
+	return icon;
+}
+
+bool Religion::get_pagan() const {
+	return pagan;
+}
+
+ReligionManager::ReligionManager()
+	: religion_groups { "religion groups" },
+	  religions { "religions" } {}
+
+return_t ReligionManager::add_religion_group(std::string const& identifier) {
+	if (identifier.empty()) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid religion group identifier - empty!");
+		return FAILURE;
+	}
+	return religion_groups.add_item({ identifier });
+}
+
+void ReligionManager::lock_religion_groups() {
+	religion_groups.lock();
+}
+
+ReligionGroup const* ReligionManager::get_religion_group_by_identifier(std::string const& identifier) const {
+	return religion_groups.get_item_by_identifier(identifier);
+}
+
+return_t ReligionManager::add_religion(std::string const& identifier, colour_t colour, ReligionGroup const* group, Religion::icon_t icon, bool pagan) {
+	if (!religion_groups.is_locked()) {
+		Logger::error("Cannot register religions until religion groups are locked!");
+		return FAILURE;
+	}
+	if (identifier.empty()) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid religion identifier - empty!");
+		return FAILURE;
+	}
+	if (group == nullptr) {
+		Logger::error("Null religion group for ", identifier);
+		return FAILURE;
+	}
+	if (colour > MAX_COLOUR_RGB) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid religion colour for ", identifier, ": ", Religion::colour_to_hex_string(colour));
+		return FAILURE;
+	}
+	if (icon <= 0) {
+		Logger::error("Invalid religion icon for ", identifier, ": ", icon);
+		return FAILURE;
+	}
+	return religions.add_item({ *group, identifier, colour, icon, pagan });
+}
+
+void ReligionManager::lock_religions() {
+	religions.lock();
+}
+
+Religion const* ReligionManager::get_religion_by_identifier(std::string const& identifier) const {
+	return religions.get_item_by_identifier(identifier);
+}
diff --git a/src/openvic/pop/Religion.hpp b/src/openvic/pop/Religion.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2a67ce3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/openvic/pop/Religion.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "../Types.hpp"
+
+namespace OpenVic {
+
+	struct ReligionManager;
+
+	struct ReligionGroup : HasIdentifier {
+		friend struct ReligionManager;
+
+	private:
+		ReligionGroup(std::string const& new_identifier);
+
+	public:
+		ReligionGroup(ReligionGroup&&) = default;
+	};
+
+	struct Religion : HasIdentifier, HasColour {
+		friend struct ReligionManager;
+
+		using icon_t = uint8_t;
+
+	private:
+		ReligionGroup const& group;
+		const icon_t icon;
+		const bool pagan;
+
+		Religion(ReligionGroup const& new_group, std::string const& new_identifier, colour_t new_colour, icon_t new_icon, bool new_pagan);
+
+	public:
+		Religion(Religion&&) = default;
+
+		ReligionGroup const& get_group() const;
+		icon_t get_icon() const;
+		bool get_pagan() const;
+	};
+
+	struct ReligionManager {
+	private:
+		IdentifierRegistry<ReligionGroup> religion_groups;
+		IdentifierRegistry<Religion> religions;
+
+	public:
+		ReligionManager();
+
+		return_t add_religion_group(std::string const& identifier);
+		void lock_religion_groups();
+		ReligionGroup const* get_religion_group_by_identifier(std::string const& identifier) const;
+		return_t add_religion(std::string const& identifier, colour_t colour, ReligionGroup const* group, Religion::icon_t icon, bool pagan);
+		void lock_religions();
+		Religion const* get_religion_by_identifier(std::string const& identifier) const;
+	};
+}